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HIRSCHFELDER'S 

SELF-EDUCATOR 

FACTS 

AND^ 

DATES 



-OF- 



United States History 

FOR EVERY CITIZEN TO KNOW 



^rice 25 Cents 



SELF-EDUCATOR PUBLISHING COMPANY 

SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA 



FACTS AND DATES 



-OF- 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Si/ MAX HIRSCHFELDER 

Author of Self -Educator, German 
Methode Fortschritt 



"Price 25 Cents 



SELF-EDUCATOR PUBLISHING COMPANY 

SCRANTON. PENNA, 



Copyright 1916, by Self-Lducator Publuhing Company 
Scran ton, Penna. 






'America is another Word for Opportunity" 

— Emerson 



JAN 12 1916 

^aA420314 



4 



FACTS AND DATES 

Of United States Hi^ory 



DISCOVERY AND NAMING OF AMERICA. 



1492 



1497-1498 



1499 



1519-1521 



About 1000. The Northmen, under Leif Ericsson, 
reach the coast of North America and call it 
Vineland. 

Christopher Columbus, in Spanish service, dis- 
covers the West India Islands, while attempt- 
ing to open up a direct all-sea route to Asia. 
He takes possession of them for the King of 
Spain. 

John and Sebastian Cabot, Venetians, sailing un- 
der the flag of England, discover the continent 
of North America and explore the coast from 
Labrador to Cape Cod. They take possession 
of the country for the English crown. 

Amerigo Vespucci, in Portuguese service, reaches 
the eastern coast of South America. In 1507, 
a German professor suggests in a little book 
on geography, that the new part of the world, 
discovered by Amerigo, should be called Amer- 
ica. This name was later applied to all South 
America and finally to North America also. 

Magellan, with a Spanish fleet, sails around South 
America, and then turns westward toward 
India and Spain. This first expedition around 
the world gave positive proof that the earth 
is a sphere and showed that America is not a 
part of Asia, but a separate continent. 

Three 



ATTEMPTS AT EXPLORING AND 
COLONIZING AMERICA. 



The expedition of Columbus leads to many other 
voyages, prompted chiefly by the hope of find- 
ing gold. They result in the exploration of the 
coast of America. 

1509. Diego Columbus, son of Christopher Columbus, 
is appointed governor of San Domingo. Not long 
afterward he conquers the island of Cuba. 

1513 Ponce de Leon, formerly governor of Porto Rico, 
discovers and names Florida, while in search of 
the ^'fountain of youth." 

Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and 
reaches the "South Sea," which Magellan, six 
years later, names the Pacific Ocean. 

15 19. Pineda sails along the shores of the Gulf from 
Florida to Mexico. 

1519-1521 Cortez, a Spanish general, lands in Mexico, con- 
quers this country and establishes the power 
of Spain on the Pacific slope of the North 
American continent. 

1528. Narvaez sails from Florida along the coast to 
the mouth of the Mississippi where he is ship- 
wrecked and drowns. The survivors of the expedi- 
tion, under Cabeza de Vaca, reach the coast of Texas, 
but are captured by the Indians. Cabeza escapes 
with three companions and after eight years of 
wandering through the wilderness of Mexico reaches 
the Gulf of CaHfornia, 1536. 

1535 Cartier, a French navigator, discovers a great 
river in the northern part of America, to which 
he gives the name of St. Lawrence. Ascending 
the stream he comes to a lofty hill, which he 
calls Montreal, or royal mountain. 

1540. Coronado, governor of Mexico, sets out to find 
the "seven golden cities" in the North and discovers 
the Great Canon of Colorado. 

Four 



1 539- 1 541- De Soto, with about six hundred men, wan- 
ders over Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. 
He crosses the Mississippi River and reaches eastern 
Arkansas; there he dies of fever. His followers reach 
Mexico in 1543. 

1562 John Ribeaut, a Frenchman, leads a small colony 
of Huguenots to South Carolina and builds 
Fort Port Royal. Rut the colonists return to 
France. 
1564. A second French expedition under Lau- 
donniere builds Fort Carolina on the St. John's 
River in Florida. 

1565 Menendez, commissioned by the Spanish King to 
drive out the French from the Spanish territory, 
builds Fort St. Augustine to the south of the 
St. John's River. Then he attacks Fort Caro- 
lina and massacres the garrison. For this deed 
another Frenchman, De Gourgues, takes re- 
venge. He sails to St. John's River, destroys 
the fort the Spaniards had built on the site of 
Fort Carolina, and massacres the people. 

1576. Sir Martin Frobisher cruises in the seas and 
straits of North America (Frobisher Strait). 

1587. Captain John Davis pushes his way through the 
same seas (Davis Strait). 

1577-1579 Sir Francis Drake sails down the South American 
coast, passes through the Straight of Magellan , 
goes up the west coast of South America, 
Mexico and California and reaches Oregon. He 
takes possession of this coast in the name of 
England and calls it New Albion. Despairing 
of finding a shorter passage to England, he 
crosses the Pacific and reaches home by way 
of the Cape of Good Hope. 

1583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert! lands on Newfoundland 
and takes possession of it for the King of England. 

1584 1584. Walter Raleigh receives a charter from 
Queen Elizabeth to explore the eastern coast 
of America. He sends out an expedition that 
lands on Roanoke Island (North Carolina), but 
returns to England. Queen Elizabeth calls the 
newly discovered land Virginia. 

Five 



1585. Raleigh sends out a second expedition 
which builds a town on Roanoke Island. But 
the colonists, ill suited for pioneer life, are taken 
back to England by Drake. They take back 
with them the potato and the tobacco. 

1587. Sir Walter Raleigh fits out a third colony 
consisting of both men and women with their 
children, under John White. The colonists 
land again on Roanoke Island. White sails 
back to England for supplies. On his return to 
the new colony he finds the island deserted. 

1602. Gosnold, an English navigator, lands on a cape, 
which he calls Cape Cod, from the abundance of cod 
fish found there, and builds the first house in Massa- 
chusetts on Cuttyhunk Island. He takes a cargo of 
sassafras root and cedar logs and returns to England. 



Six 



PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. 



1600. At this time, more than a hundred years after 
the voyages of Columbus, the only permanent white 
settlers on the Atlantic coast of the United States 
are the Spaniards in Florida. The seventeenth cen- 
tury opens with new and successful efforts on the 
part of both the English and the French to establish 
permanent settlements. 

VIRGINIA. 

1606. King James I of England charters two 
companies to colonize Virginia, i. e., all the 
territory from Maine to Florida. The London 
Company gets the exclusive right to settle in 
Southern Virginia, between Cape Fear and the 
Hudson, while the Plymouth Company was 
granted the control of Northern Virginia, from 
the Hudson to the Bay of Fundy. 

1607 The London Company sends out the first colony 
under Captain John Smith. The emigrants 
discover and* name the James River and build 
a settlement which they call Jamestown, in 
honor of their king. 

1609. The Jamestown settlers, discouraged and 
demoralized by the hardships of colonial life, 
decide to return to England, but Lord Dela- 
ware arrives with reinforcements and a new 
charter giving the colony an immense domain, 
200 miles north and south from Point Com- 
fort, extending up into the land from sea to 
sea. Under the new charter and new governors 
the colony begins to thrive. 

1612. Under Governor Dale the systematic cul- 
tivation of tobacco is introduced. In the course 
of a few years it came to be the greatest in- 
dustry in Virginia. 

Seven 



1619 The first representative assembly in America. 
The colonists, living in eleven settlements, or 
"boroughs," elect representatives, two in each 
borough, to sit in a legislature to be called 
House of Burgesses. 
Introduction of Negro Slavery. A Dutch man- 
of-war sells the first negro slaves to the Eng- 
lish settlers. 

1624 King James revokes the colony's charter and 
Virginia becomes a royal province. Sir Wil- 
liam Berkeley is appointed governor. 
During the time of the Commonwealth in Eng- 
land many ''Cavaliers" seek refuge in the 
colony (1649-1660). 

1660. The Navigation Laws cause great distress 
to the colonists. By these laws they are for- 
bidden to send any tobacco out of the country 
except in English vessels going to England, 
or to purchase any foreign goods except those 
brought over in English vessels. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon 
raises a force to_ defend the settlement against 
the attacks of the Indians. He defeats the 
Indians, but is declared a traitor by Governor 
Berkeley. Bacon destroys Jamestown by fire; 
the town was never rebuilt. 

NEW NETHERLAND, OR NEW YORK. 



1609 



1614 



Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of 
Holland, crosses the Atlantic in his little ship, 
the Half-Moon, and enters New York Bay. He 
sails up the Hudson and reaches a point about 
150 miles from the mouth of the river, near 
where Albany now stands. 

Holland claims possession of the country between 
the Connecticut and the Delaware Rivers and 
calls it New Netherland. 

The Dutch build small settlements on the Hudson, or 
North River, and on the Delaware, or South River. 
They erect Fort Orange on the site of Albany, and 



Eight 



Fort Nassau on the Delaware. All these settlements 
become centers of the fur trade, which is the main 
interest of the colony. 

1626. Peter Minuit takes charge of the settle- 
ments as governor. He buys Manhattan Island 
from the Indians for twenty-five dollars, estab- 
lishes a settlement there and calls it New 
Amsterdam. 

To encourage farming the Dutch West India 
Company, chartered in 162 1, offers a large tract 
of land, sixteen miles on any navigable river, 
to any member of the company who should 
take out a colony of fifty families. These land 
owners are called *'Patroons." 

1645. Peter Stuyvesant, "Old Silverleg," comes 
to New Amsterdam as fourth and last Dutch 
governor. 

1664 I The English claim all the land occupied by the 
Dutch on the ground that Cabot had discov- 
ered the coast, and King Charles II gives it 
to his brother James, Duke of York. An Eng- 
lish fleet suddenly appears off New Amster- 
dam and Stuyvesant is forced to surrender. 
New Amsterdam is called New York in honor 
of the new proprietor; Fort Orange is named 
Albany. 

:689. Leisler's Rebellion. Jacob Leisler, a rich 
merchant, leads an uprising against the tyran- 
nical rule of Governor Andros and his deputy, 
Nicholson, and assumes the office of lieutenant 
governor. But he is finally forced to surrender 
and is hanged for rebellion. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1617 I The Dutch, crossing over from Manhattan Island, 
build a small fort at Bergen, on the west bank 
of the Eludson ; later they erect a second fort 
opposite the site of Philadelphia and claim the 
whole territory between the Hudson and the 
Delaware as part of New Netherland. 

Nine 



1664 The Duke of York, after having taken possession 
of New Netherland, gives the territory between 
the Delaware and the Hudson to his friends, 
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and 
calls the country New Jersey, from the British 
Island of Jersey. The town of Elizabeth is 
founded, 1675. 

1674. Quakers buy Lord Berkeley's share. West 
Jersey. 

1681. William Penn and twenty-three associates 
buy the other half, East Jersey, the whole 
province thus falling into the hands of the 
Quakers, who grant self-government to the 
colonists. 

1702. The rights of the proprietors are acquired 
by the English crown, and the two Jerseys 
united in one become a royal colony, under the 
jurisdiction of the governor of New York. 

1732 New Jersey becomes a separate province with 
its own governor and legislature. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Plymouth Colony. 



1620 A party of Separatists, the Pilgrims, sail on the 
Mayflower from Plymouth, England, and reach 
Cape Cod. Their captain, Myles Standish, ex- 
plores the Massachusetts coast and reaches the 
harbor which John Smith, of Virginia, had 
called Plymouth. Here the Pilgrims settle. 
John Carver is elected first governor. 
During the first winter half of the settlers 
perish, but others come from England. A 
treaty with the neighboring Indians is kept for 
many years. 

162 1. William Bradford is chosen governor. 
He holds this office for thirty years. All public 
matters of the colony are discussed and decided 
in town meetings' — ''government by the peo- 
ple." 



Ten 



1626. The Pilgrims buy out the share which 
English merchants by a grant from the gov- 
ernment had in this territory. The colony in- 
creases slowly. 

169 1. The Plymouth colony is united with the 
^lassachusetts colony. 

Bay Colony. 

1628 John Endicott, with a number of Puritans, plants 
the colony of Salem. The London Company, 
owner of the land, makes him governor of the 
colony. 

1630 The Massachusetts Bay Company, of London, 
appoints John Winthrop governor of Massa- 
chusetts. He sails with eleven vessels, bring- 
ing nearly a thousand Puritans and all things 
needed for establishing a thriving colony. 
After landing at Salem they soon remove to 
a little three-hilled peninsula, where they build 
the town of Boston. Within the next ten 
years more than twenty thousand of Winthrop's 
countrymen come to this shore and settle the 
cities of Charlestown, Roxbury, Dorchester, 
Watertown and Cambridge. 

The laws of the colony are made by the legis- 
lature, or General Court, consisting of repre- 
sentatives of the different towns. Provision is 
made for public schools. 

1635. Roger Williams, a minister who believed in 
religious freedom, is ordered to leave the colony. 
He takes refuge among the Indians, reaches Nara- 
gansett Bay the next spring and founds the city of 
Providence. The same year Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, 
vv'ho attacked many of the Massachusetts clergy 
about their belief, is also ordered to leave the colony. 

1636 The General Court votes to give 400 pounds for 
the establishment of a college at Newton, 
afterwards called Cambridge. Three years 
later Rev. John Harvard, of Charlestown, 
leaves his library and estate to the college. 
The General Court orders the new institution 
to be called by his name. Harvard University. 

Eleven 



i643- The Massachusetts Bay Colony unites 
with Plymouth and the colonies of Connecti- 
cut and New Haven in a league for mutual 
defense. This league is maintained for forty 
years. 

1656. Quakers, who arrive in Boston, are perse- 
cuted and driven out of the colony. 

1675. King Philip's War. The Indian King Philip be- 
gins war against the colonists. After two years of 
desperate fighting Philip is captured and killed. 
Therewith the power of the neighboring Indian tribes 
is broken. 

1684. Massachusetts loses its charter and be- 
comes a royal province. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE. 



1623 The Council for New England grants to John 
Mason and to Sir Fernando Gorges the ter- 
ritory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec 
Rivers, called Maine. 

English colonists plant the settlements of Dover 
and Portsmouth. Chief object of the colonies 
is the fur trade with the Indians. 

1629. The territory is divided. Mason takes 
the part west of the Piscataqua River and calls 
it New Hampshire, while Gorges takes the part 
east of the river and calls it Maine. 1632, 
Portland is founded. 

Later emigrants from Massachusetts and Scotch- 
Irish colonists settle the towns of Exeter and 
Londonderry. The Scotch-Irish establish the 
manufacture of linen. 

1641. New Hampshire is united with Massa- 
chusetts, but becomes, in 1679, a separate royal 
province. 

1652-1820. Massachusetts holds control of 
Maine. 

1820. Maine is admitted into the Union a^ an 
independent state. 



Twelve 



RHODE ISLAND. 

1636 Roger Williams, expelled from the Massachu- 
setts colonies for his religious views, flees to 
the Indians and reaches Naragansett Bay. 
Here, with a few companions, he founds a set- 
tlement and calls it Providence. In 1639, he 
establishes the first Baptist Church in Amer- 
ica. Many settlers come to this colony. Free- 
dom of religious belief is given to everyone. 

1638. William Coddington and Mrs. Anne Hut- 
chinson, also expelled from the Massachusetts 
colony, buy the island of Rhode Island and 
plant there the colonies of Portsmouth and 
Newport. 

1643. Roger Williams obtains a charter, which 
unites these colonies and gives him full power 
of government. Rhode Island keeps her form 
of government until long after the revolution. 



CONNECTICUT. 

The rich lands of the Connecticut valley attract 
the Dutch of New Amsterdam and settlers of 
Massachusetts. 

1635 Emigrants from the vicinity of Boston build the 
towns of Wethersfield and Windsor. In the 
same year an English company holding a grant 
of the territory sends out John Winthrop with 
the title of Governor of the River Connecticut. 
He builds Fort Saybrook at the mouth of the 
river. 

1636. The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Newton, 
Massachusetts, sets out and reaches Hartford, 
where a small settlement of English had al- 
ready been made. 

1637. The towns of Hartford, Wethersfield and 
Windsor unite in an attack against the Pequot 
Indians, who attempt to destroy the new set- 
tlements. 

Thirteen 



i639- The inhabitants of the three colonies meet 
at Hartford, draw up the first written American 
constitution, and thus found a republic which 
they call Connecticut. 

1638 New Puritan emigrants from England, led by 
John Davenport and others, settle New Haven, 
Milford, Guilford and Stamford. These four 
towns unite* in 1643 and take the name New 
Haven Colony. 

1643-1684. Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecti- 
cut and! New Haven join in a league for de- 
fense against the Indians and the Dutch : "The 
United Colonies of New England." 

1662. New Haven is united with Connecticut. 

1687. King Charles II, of England, who had granted 
to the Connecticut people a charter confirming their 
right of self-government, sends a body of troops to 
Hartford to demand the surrender of the charter. 
The Connecticut people, however, hide it in a hollow 
oak (Charter Oak), and thus save it. Except for 
a few years, Connecticut practically continues to 
maintain her own laws. 

Thus, after 1691, the New England colonies were 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island 
and Connecticut. 

MARYLAND. 



1634 



Lord Baltimore, a Catholic English nobleman, 
gets a grant of the land north of the Potomac, 
to which Charles I gives' the name of Mary- 
land, in honor of the Queen, a Catholic. A 
brother of this Lord Baltimore lands with 
about three hundred colonists, most of them 
Catholics, on the northern bank of the Potomac 
and founds the town of St. Marys. This is 
the first colony in America in which freedom 
of worship for all Christians is established. It 
soon becomes, therefore, the refuge for op- 
pressed Catholics, Puritans and Quakers. 

1645. The peace of the colony is interrupted by 
civil war; the enemies of Lord Baltimore, join- 



Fotu'teen 



1763-1767 



ing with Puritan settlers, overthrow the gov- 
ernment and forl)id the exercise of the Catholic 
religion. 

1658. The English Parliament restores Lord 
Baltimore to his rights ; freedom of worship is 
again established. 

1689. The English King takes possession of the 
province and the Church of England is estab- 
lished as the government church of Maryland. 

1715. Lord Baltimore, a descendant of the 
founder of the colony, becomes proprietor and 
governor of Maryland. He and his descend- 
ants hold it until the revolution. 

1729. The city of Baltimore is founded and 
named in honor of the founder of the colony. 

Mason and Dixon Line. To end the dispute 
about the boundary between Pennsylvania and 
Maryland, Mason and Dixon, two* English sur- 
veyors, established the boundary line, which 
runs from the northeast corner of Maryland 
due west nearlv three hundred miles. 



DELAWARE, OR NEW SWEDEN. 



1638 The Swedish government sends over a colony of 
Swedes who land on the Delaware River. The 
Western bank of this river is bought from the 
Indians and a fort, Christina, is built on the 
site of Wilmington. 

1654. The Dutch, of New Netherland, claim this 
territory ; Governor Stuyvesant, of New Am- 
sterdam, arrives with a fleet and takes pos- 
session of it. 

1655. The Duke of York, having seized New 
Netherland, also claims possession of Dela- 
ware. 

1681 William Penn buys this territory from the Duke 
of York and governs it as part of Pennsylvania, 
"Territories of Pennsylvania.'' 

Fifteen 



1776 The "Territories'' declare themselves a free and 
independent state and take the name of Dela- 
ware. 

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1663 Charles II of England grants an immense tract 
of land south of Virginia to Lord Clarendon 
and seven associates and names the territory 
Carolina. Settlers from Virginia plant the 
colony of Albemarle. 

1664. English planters from the West Indies 
found a second colony, named Clarendon, in 
honor of Lord Clarendon, on Cape Fear River. 

1670. Immigrants from England lay the foun- 
dation of the city of Charleston. 

Religious liberty is granted to all colonists. 
Many Huguenots come to Carolina. The Eng- 
lish Company owning this provmce undertakes 
to govern it by a constitution called the 
"Grand Model," but the people refuse to accept 
it and insist on governing themselves. 

1712 1712. The province is divided into North and 
South Carolina, each being subject to a gov- 
ernor appointed by the King. In North Caro- 
lina the manufacture of tar, pitch and turpen- 
tine becomes predominant ; in South Carolina 
the culture of rice, indigo and cotton proves 
enormousl}^ profitable. 



1681 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

William Penn, the most influential of English 
Quakers, obtains by a grant from Charles II 
a vast tract of land lying west of the Delaware 
River and calls it Pennsylvania. Three ship- 
loads of colonists from England, Ireland, 
Wales, Holland and Germany are sent over. 

1682. Penn arrives with a company of about a 
hundred Quakers and founds the city of Phila- 
delphia. 



Sixteen 



He makes a treaty with the Indians and solemn 
promises of mutual friendship are given, which 
are kept by both parties. 

Delaware, which Penn had bought from the Duke 
of York, governor of New York, forms a part 
of Pennsylvania, called ''Territories of Penn- 
sylvania," with a legislature of its own, till 
1776. 

Penn gives the settlers a constitution, which he 
calls the "Frame of Government." It provides 
for a governor appointed by the proprietor, a 
legislature of two houses elected by the people, 
for judges and a vote by ballot. 

The toleration and liberality of Penn attracts many 
emigrants from England, Ireland, and Germany. As 
a consequence, Pennsylvania becomes one of the 
most populous of the colonies, with many flourish- 
ing towns. Philadelphia grows rapidly and is, at 
the beginning of the revolution, the largest and in 
every respect the most important city in the Amer- 
ican colonies. 

1 763- 1 767. The English surveyors Mason and 
Dixon established the boundary line between 
Pennsylvania and Maryland, Mason and Dixon 
Line. 

GEORGIA. 

1732 General James Oglethorpe obtains a charter from 
George II of England, for settling the land be- 
tween the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers and 
calls this territory Georgia. 
1733. The first immigrants, under Oglethorpe, 
plant a settlement on the Savannah River and 
name it Savannah. Later, Germans, Italians 
and Scottish Highlanders arrive and establish 
colonies. The cotton industry is introduced. 
The prosperity of this colony begins when, in 
1752, it comes under the royal government. 

1660- 1 760. The population; of the thirteen col- 
onies increases nearly tenfold, from 200,000 to 
2,000,000. Commerce develops, but little man- 
ufacturing is done. Stage coaches, post offices 
and newspapers are introduced. 

Seventeen 



THE FRENCH EXPLORATION OF 
THE WEST. 



1534 



1604 



1608 



1673 



1679 



Cartier, a French navigator, discovers the St. 
Lawrence River. Ascending the stream he 
comes to a lofty hill, which he calls Montreal, 
or royal mountain. He takes possession of 
the country in the name of France. 

Samuel de Champlain and De Monts arrive with 
two shiploads of colonists on the shore of what 
is now Nova Scotia and settle at Port Royal. 

Champlain sails up the St. Lawrence and builds 
a fort at the site of Quebec as a fur trade post. 

From the two settlements at Port Royal and 
Quebec grow up the two French colonies called 
Acadia and New France, or Canada. 

Champlain soon afterwards discovers the beautiful 
lake that bears his name, and pushes his explora- 
tions westward as far as Lake Huron. In the war 
of the Huron Indians against the Iroquois, the 
French colonists take the part of the Hurons. The 
muskets of the whites win the Hurons an easy vic- 
tory; but the Iroquois become hereafter bitter 
enemies of the French. 

From now on the fur traders and Jesuit missionaries 
push their way into the wilderness and reach the 
western shore of Lake Michigan (1669). Missions 
are planted among the Indians at Mackinaw, Sault 
Ste. Marie, and Green Bay. 

Father Marquette, a missionary, and Joliet, an 

explorer, hearing of a great river called by the 
Indians the "Father of the Waters," float down 
the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which they 
descend to the mouth of the Arkansas. 

La Salle, the greatest of the French explorers, 
crosses Lake Erie, Huron and Michigan on a 
sailing vessel to Mackinaw; he builds a fort on 
the St. Joseph River and pushes through the 



Eighteen 



wilderness to the Illinois River. From there 
he makes his way through a thousand miles 
of wild country to Montreal for the purpose of 
obtaining supplies. Meanwhile Father Hen- 
nepin, a'jesuit priest in La Salle's expedition, 
explores the upper Mississippi to the Falls of 
St. Anthony. 

1682 La Salle, on his return to the Illinois, launches 
his canoes on this river, enters the Mississippi 
and floats down that stream to its mouth. 
Here he plants the banner of France and takes 
possession of the stream and the country 
drained by the river and its tributaries in the 
name of Louis XVI of France. He names the 
country Louisiana. 
The occupation of the Mississippi valley by the 
French follows; forts and trading stations are 
built. 
1 71 8. New Orleans is founded and becomes the 
capital of Louisiana in 1723. 

The French in America. 

While the English took possession of the Atlantic coast 
the French had spread their thin settlements along 
the St. Lawrence River, thence out to the Great 
Lakes and along the Mississippi River. They grad- 
ually pushed their posts farther and farther, along 
the Ohio, Wisconsin, and Illinois rivers, claiming 
the whole country drained by the great rivers, until 
their lands completely surrounded the lands claimed 
by the English. Quebec was the great French cen- 
ter and military post, and the seat of the governor 
of New France. 

One object which the French had in view was the 
fur trade. Indian hunters would range the deep 
wilderness, kill the game, and bring the furs to the 
French forts, or trading posts, where the traders 
would exchange them for cheap jewelry, arms, 
clothes, or whiskey. 

Another object was that of converting the savages to 
Christianity. Among the boldest and most sacrificing 
of the pioneers were the French priests. They set 
up their little chapels in the villages of the Indians, 
teaching them the customs of civilized life, enduring 
all sorts of hardship, and frequently ending their 
lives in the horrors of savage torture. 

Nineteen 



ERA OF COLONIAL WARS. 



1689 
1689-1697 



1702-1713 



The long struggle between England and France 
for colonial dominion in America begins. 

King William's War. War breaks out between 
England and France in Europe. The hostilities 
extend to America and result in frightful 
massacres by the Indian allies of France. 

1690. Count Frontenac, the governor of New France, 
sends an expedition of French and Indians to attack 
the EngHsh colonies on the Hudson, in New Hamp- 
shire and Maine. These troops destroy Schenectady, 
Durham (N. H.), and Haverhill (Mass.), and 
massacre the inhabitants or make them captives. 

1691. An English expedition from Boston, led by 
William Phips of Maine, captures the French fort 
at Port Royal, Acadia. 

For seven years more the French and Indians ravage 

the English frontier settlements. 
English expeditions to capture Quebec and Montreal 

fail. 
1697. By the terms of peace Acadia with Port Royal 

is restored to France. 

Queen Anne's War. The French and their Indian 
allies attack and burn Deerfield and Haverhill, 
Mass., and massacre the inhabitants or carry 
them into captivity. 

1710. New England colonists capture Port Royal and 
name it Annapolis. An expedition to conquer 
Quebec ends in shipwreck. 

1713. By the terms of peace France is forced to give 
up to England Acadia, which is now called Nova 
Scotia, New Foundland, and all claim to the territory 
that is drained by the rivers that flow into Hudson 
Bay. 

During the time of peace that lasts for thirty 
years the French, determined to keep the 
British out of Louisiana and New France, con- 
struct a chain of forts from Quebec to the Great 



Twenty 



1744-1748 



1754-1763 



1755 



Lakes and thence down the Illinois and Miss- 
issippi to the Gulf. 

King George's War. During this war Louisburg, 
a strongly fortified French town on Cape Bre- 
ton Island, is taken by New England militia 
under William Pepperell and four British ves- 
sels. 

By the terms of peace Louisburg is restored to 
France. 

The Fourth, or French and Indian, War. 

Influential Virginians and London merchants or- 
ganize the Ohio Company for the purpose of 
planting settlements on the bank of the Ohio 
to gain possession of the territory west of the 
Alleghenies. The French resolve to stop this 
movement and build a new line of forts from 
Lake Erie to the Ohio. 

1753- Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, sends George 
Washington to Venango, one of the French forts, 
to warn the French against intruding upon the Ohio 
territory. The French commander refuses to with- 
draw. 

1754. Dinwiddie sends a party of backswoodsmen, un- 
der George Washington, to build a fort at the place 
where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers 
unite into the Ohio. The French drive off the 
expedition and build a fort themselves, which they 
name Fort Duquesne. 

England sends General Braddock with two regiments 
to take Fort Duquesne. Washington accompanies 
him. The English suffer defeat. Washington covers 
their retreat with the remnants of the colonial troops. 

1755. An English expedition from Boston captures 
the French forts at the head of the Bay of Fundy, 
Acadia, and drives many thousands of Acadians, or 

French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, into exile. 

The Battle of Lake George. To take the French fort 
Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, an army starts 
from New York and meets the French on Lake 
George. The French are defeated but keep Crown 
Point and build Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake George. 
The English build Fort William Henry at the head 
of the lake. 



Twenty-one 



1758 



1763 



1763-1766 



1/56. Montcalm, commander-in-chief of the French 
troops in America, takes Fort Oswego. Then, in 
1757, he descends Lake Champlain and Lake George 
and forces Fort William Henry to surrender. The 
English garrison is partly massacred by Montcalm's 
Indian allies. In the following year Montcalm de- 
feats General Abercrombie, who tries to take Fort 
Ticonderoga. 

William Pitt, the new minister of England, sends fresh 
troops to the colonies. The fortune of war changes 
in favor of the English. 

The English capture Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island. 
A second expedition to Fort Duquesne, in which 
Washington takes part, takes this fort and names it 
Fort Pitt, Pittsburg. 

1759- Forts Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point 
surrender to the British. 

An expedition, under General Wolfe, sails against 
Quebec. After a siege of many months, the fortress, 
defended by Montcalm, surrenders to the English. 

1760. An English army marches against Montreal and 
captures it. The whole of Canada is conquered. 

By the terms of peace, France withdraws from 
America. She cedes to Great Britain all of 
New France (Canada), all islands at the mouth 
of the St. Lawrence River, and all Louisiana 
east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans 
and the neighboring- territory. Spain, having 
aided France in the last year of war, is forced 
to give up Florida to Great Britain, but obtains 
from France the Louisiana territory west of 
the Mississippi with the capital of New 
Orleans. 

Pontiac's War. 

After peace between England and France had been 
concluded the former Indian allies of the French 
create a great uprising against their new masters, 
the English. 

Pontiac, chief of a Michigan tribe, forms a secret league 
with other tribes to drive the English from the 
whole western country. The effort is largely suc- 
cessful. The Indians burn many English forts and 
massacre their inhabitants. Only Fort Detroit and 
Fort Pitt resist the assault. The war continues for 
three years. , 

1764. The savages suffer defeat at Bushy Run, Pa., 
and make peace, 1766. The failure of the conspiracy 
of Pontiac breaks the backbone of Indian resistance 
forever. 



Twenty-tzvo 



THE REVOLUTION, 
1763-1789. 



ITS CAUSES. 

1763-1775 The causes of the Revolution arose chiefly from 
an attempt of the English motherland: (i) to 
enforce the trade laws, by which the develop- 
ment of the trade of the English colonies was 
greatly impeded ; (2) to quarter royal troops 
in the colonies, that is to compel the colonies 
to furnish quarters for the troops to live in ; 
(3) to support the troops by taxes imposed 
without the consent of the colonies. 

1764. King George of England tries to enforce 
the Navigation Acts passed in 165 1 and 1663, 
by which the American colonies should trade 
only with Great Britain. All trade was re- 
stricted to ships' built in English yards. Up 
to this time these laws had not been rigidly en- 
forced and smuggling had been very common. 

1765. The English Parliament passes the Stamp 
Act, by which all public documents of the 
thirteen colonies were to have government 
stamps affixed to them in order to raise the 
money for keeping troops in the colonies. The 
colonies resist the Stamp Tax on the ground 
that they are not represented in the Parliament, 
and taxes could lawfully be laid on them only 
by their chosen representatives. The attempt 
to enforce the tax leads to resistance, and a 
congress of delegates of the colonies held in 
New York issues a declaration of rights and 
grievances. 

1766. Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, but at 
the same time asserts the right to tax. 

1767. Parliament passes the Townshend Acts, 
to raise a revenue by import duties on goods 

Tiventy-three 



brought into the colonics. The colonics re- 
fuse to buy the taxed articles. 

1770 Boston Massacre. Meanwhile royal troops for 
the defense of the colonies begin to arrive. 
This leads to new trouble; in Boston the peo- 
ple and the troops come to blows. 
1770. The refusal of the colonies to buy the 
taxed articles leads to the repeal of all the 
taxes except that on tea. However, the col- 
onies refuse to buy taxed tea, whereupon 
Parliament enables the East India Company to 
send over tea at a lower price than before. 

1773 Boston Tea Party. The colonies prevent the 
landing of tea in American harbors. In Bos- 
ton a cargo of tea is destroyed. 
1774. As a punishment Parliament enacts the 
five Intolerable Acts. The port of Boston is 
closed to all trade. The charter of Massachu- 
setts is annulled and General Page is appointed 
governor with despotic power. 
Thereupon the First Continental Congress, called 
by Massachusetts, meets in Carpenter's Hall, 
Philadelphia. It issues a declaration of rights, 
and petitions for redress. It also calls a second 
Congress to meet the next year. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1875-1783. 

From the Beginning of the Revolutionary War, 1775, 
to the Declaration of Independence, 1776. 

1775 Governor Gage of Massachusetts, having learned that 
the patriots were gathering military stores at Con- 
cord, about twenty miles from Boston, sends troops 
there to destroy them. The English meet armed 
resistance, and battles are fought at Lexington and 
Concord. The "minutemen" drive the English back 
to Boston. The militia from the neighboring- 
colonies gather about Boston and besiege it. 

The second Continental Congress meets at Phila- 
delphia on May 10, 1775. It calls for recruits 
to join the militia at Boston (Continental 
Army), and appoints George Washington 
commander-in-chief. 



Twenty-four 



On the same day "Green Mountain Boys" take Fort 
Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point from the Eng- 
lish. 

17th of June. The Americans, under Prescott, are 
driven from Bunker Hill, Boston, after a valiant 
resistance, Battle of Bunker Hill. 

George Washington takes command of the army around 
Boston. He gathers guns, powder, cannon, trains the 
men, and for eight months keeps the British shut up 
in Boston. Meantime troops from Virginia, Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania, and the four New England col- 
onies join the Continental Army. 

An expedition, led by Montgomery and Benedict 
Arnold, for the conquest of Quebec fails. 

1776 Washington seizes Dorchester Heights, near Boston, 
and thus forces the British to leave this city, 
March 17. 

An English fleet, under Clinton, attacks Charleston, 
South Carolina, but is forced to withdraw and re- 
turns to New York. 

King George now hires 30,000 Hessians to fight the 
American "rebels." 

Whigs and Tories. During the excitement of this 
period people were divided into three parties. Those 
who resisted and rebelled were called Whigs, Patriots, 
"Sons of Liberty." Those who supported King and 
Parliament were called Tories. Between these two 
parties the great mass of the population cared little 
which way the struggle ended. In New York, Penn- 
sylvania, and the Carolinas the Tories were numer- 
ous; they raised regiments and fought for the King. 

4th of A committee of the Continental Congress, con- 

July sisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Frank- 

1776 lin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert 

R. Livingston, draws up a Declaration of In- 
dependence. The Congress adopts this Dec- 
laration on the 4th of July, 1776. 



The War from July 4, 1776, to the Victory of Saratoga, 
October 17, 1777. 

1776 Having been defeated at Boston, the British under 
General Howe sail to New York to get possession 
of the city and the Hudson River. Thereupon 
Washington moves his army also south, holds New 
York City, Fort Washington and Fort Lee and takes 
position on Brooklyn Heights, Long Island. 

Twenty-five 



In the Battle of Long Island General Howe drives the 
Americans from their positions. Washington re- 
treats to New York; he loses Fort Washington and 
Fort Lee and is driven up the Hudson to White 
Plains. He crosses the Hudson, retreats through 
New Jersey toward Pennsylvania, and crosses the 
Delaware. On Christmas night he recrosses this 
river and surprises and defeats a body of Hessians 
at Trenton, December 26, 1776. 

1777 On January 3, 1777, Washington defeats a part _ of 
Cornwallis' army at Princeton, and takes possession 
of the hills at Morristown, where he spends the rest 
of the winter. 

Robert Morris, a Philadelphia banker, supports the 
American army with the necessary funds. 

Lafayette, a French nobleman, the German officers 
Baron De Kalb and Baron Steuben, and the Polish 
patriots Kosciusko and Pulaski join the American 
army. 

The British plan for the campaign of 1777 was to cut 
off New England from the Middle States. General 
Burgoyne was to come down from Canada and meet 
General Howe, who was to move up the Hudson. 

Burgoyne, on his march from Canada to New York, 
is attacked by the militia of the northern states, 
loses several battles, and is forced to surrender at 
Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 

Howe, instead of going up the Hudson, starts from 
New York for Philadelphia and defeats Washington, 
who is trying to check his advance, at Brandywine 
Creek, September 11. Then he takes Philadelphia. 
The Continental Congress flees to York, Pa. 

On October 4, Washington attacks the English army 
at Germantown, but suffers defeat. He then goes 
into winter quarters at Valley Forge, where the 
patriots suffer greatly from cold and hunger, but 
are thoroughly drilled by Baron von Steuben. 

National Flag. Congress, on June 14, adopts our 
national flag. 

The War From the Victory at Saratoga to the End, 
1777-1787. 

1778 After the victories of Trenton, Princeton, and 
Saratoga, France recognizes the independence 
of the colonies and Benjamin Franklin, sent to 
France to seek for help, obtains a treaty of 
alliance. 



Twtnty-six 



1779 



1780 



1781 



Fearing that the French fleet might attack New York, 
the English General Clinton, successor to Howe, 
leaves Philadelphia with his army for New York. 
Washington follows him and fights the battle of 
Monmouth, which he barely wins. Then Washing- 
ton follows the British army to New York and re- 
mains near that city for three years constantly 
threatening the enemy. 

Congress, in December, 1775, had created a little navy; 
some of these vessels win victories under Esek Hop- 
kins and John Barry. John Paul Jones sails, in 
the "Ranger," to the Irish Channel and destroys and 
captures several British ships. In 1779, he wins, in 
his "Bonhomme Richard," a victory over the Eng- 
lish frigate "Serapis" off the east coast of Great 
Britain. 

Bands of Iroquois Indians, led by Tory captains, com- 
mit horrible massacres at Wyoming, Pa., and at 
Cherry Valley, N. Y. 

1778-1779. Clark's Expedition. In the country north of 
the Ohio were a few old French towns and a few 
old forts garrisoned by the British, from which the 
Indians obtained guns and powder to attack the 
frontier. Against these forts and towns George 
Rogers Clark, a young Virginian, plans an expedition. 
He starts with a band of backwoodsmen from Pitts- 
burgh, in boats, floats down the Ohio to its mouth, 
marches across the prairies of southwestern Illinois 
and takes Kaskaskia, on the Mississippi. Then he 
marches under terrible hardships against Vincennes, 
on the Wabash, captures it and conquers the country 
near the Wabash and Illinois Rivers. 

War in the South: 

An English fleet and army sail from New York and 
capture Savannah, December 29, 1778. American 
forces, aided by a French fleet, try to regain Savan- 
nah, but are repulsed. 

The British, reinforced by a fleet and army, overrun 
Georgia, march through South Carolina, and capture 
Charleston. 

American forces, under General Gates, suffer decisive 
defeat at Camden, S. C, by the English under Corn- 
wallis. But a British force is completely beaten by 
backwoodsmen at King's Mountain, on the border 
of North and South Carolina. 

In the North, Benedict Arnold, commander at West 
Point, turns traitor and seeks in vain to deliver this 
fort to the British. 

General Nathanael Greene takes command of the Amer- 
ican army in the South. A part of his men, led by 

TzveHtv-seven 



1782 
1783 



1781 



Morgan, wins the battle at Cowpens, S. C. Then 
Greene retreats to Virginia, drawing Cornwallis away 
from his supplies in Charleston. At Guilford Court- 
house, N. C, Cornwallis attacks the American army, 
but loses so heavily that he has to retreat to Wil- 
mington, N. C. Greene now turns back, drives the 
British force out of Camden and reconquers the 
Carolinas. Savannah and Charleston are the only 
towns that remain in the hands of the British. 

Cornwallis marches from Wilmington into Virginia 
and fortifies himself at Yorktown. Thereupon Wash- 
ington hurries with his army from New York to 
Yorktown and besieges the British from the land, 
while a French fleet closes the harbor. Cornwallis, 
being surrounded from all sides, surrenders, Octo- 
ber ig, 1781. Only New York, Savanah, and Charles- 
ton remain in the hands of the British. 

In a preliminary treaty Parliament acknowledges 
the independence of the colonies. 

The final treaty of peace, negotiated for the 
United States by Benjamin Franklin, John 
Adams, and John Jay, is signed in Paris, Sep- 
tember 3, 1783. The British leave New York, 
and Washington takes possession of it. 

By the terms of peace, it is decided that the ter- 
ritory of the new nation shall extend from the 
Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. Great 
Britain retains Canada, but gives Florida back 
to Spain. The region west of the Mississippi 
is held by Spain. 

AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1783-1789. 

During the war the Continental Congress pre- 
pares a plan for general government, called 
Articles of Confederation. By these articles the 
government is in the hands of the Congress, a 
single body, to which each state sends at least 
two, but not more than seven delegates. 

After some delay the articles are signed by all 
the states and put in force in 1781. 

Congress appeals to the states to give up their 
claims on the territory west of the mountains. 



Twenty-eight 



especially on the Northwest Territory, which 
extends from the Lakes to the Ohio, and from 
Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, that it might 
sell the land, pay the debts of the United States, 
and cut the region into states. 

1787 By the year 1787 the land has been ceded, and 
Congress issues now the famous Northwest 
Territory Ordinance for the government of the 
territory. This ordinance provides that slavery 
should not be permitted in the territory, that 
it should in time be cut into not more than five, 
or less than three states; it grants entire 
religious freedom and encourages education. 

Six years of trial prove that the government of 
the United States under the Articles of Con- 
federation is too weak. Delegates from twelve 
states meet at Philadelphia to frame the Con- 
stitution of the United States. Washington is 
made president of the convention. Having 
finished its work in September, 1787, the con- 
vention sends the Constitution to the different 
states to be ratified. 

1788 By July, 1788, eleven states have ratified the 
Constitution, which provides for a President, 
a Vice-President, a Congress consisting of the 
Senate, and the House of Representatives, and 
for a Supreme Court. 

1789 The Constitution is set into effect. George 
Washington is elected President, John Adams, 
Vice-President. 



Twentv-nine 



THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 



1789-1798 1 George Washington, President for two terms; 
j John Adams, Vice-President. 

On the 30th of April, 1789, Washington takes the 
oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall, 
New York. He appoints Thomas Jefiferson 
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Ham- 
ilton Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox 
Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph 
Attorney General. 

Congress selects Philadelphia as the national 
capital for the ten years, 1790-1800. In 1800 
the capital is to be removed to a new city to be 
built on the Potomac and named Washington 
in honor of the President. 

Congress assumes and funds the debts incurred 
by the different states during the revolution. 
Import and excise taxes are laid, a national 
bank is chartered in Philadelphia with branch 
offices in other cities and a mint is established 
for coining United States money. 

The discussion of the acts of Congress leads to the rise 
of two parties: the Federalists, with their leaders 
Washington, Adams, and Hamilton, and the (Demo- 
cratic) Republicans, with their leaders Jefferson, 
Madison, and Monroe. The former are supporters 
of a strong government, while the latter oppose a 
strong government as dangerous to the liberties of 
the people. In the course of time the former become 
known as Republicans, the latter as the Democratic 
Party. 

1791 At the suggestion of Jefiferson, the Constitution 
is amended by twelve articles, Bill of rights, to 
guard the rights of the people and of the states. 
1792. At the election of 1792 both parties, the 
Federahsts and the Democrats, support Wash- 
ington for President. The Republicans try. 

Thirty 



though ill 
President. 



vain, to defeat Adams for Vicc- 



1797-1801 



1794. The tax on whiskey causes an insurrection in 
Pennsylvania, which is easily suppressed by a force 
of militia. Whiskey Rebellion. 

A five years' Indian war in the Northwest Territory is 
ended by Wayne's victory and the Treaty of Green- 
ville, 1795. 

1795- Jay's Treaty. At the outbreak of war be- 
tween France and England, Washington issues 
a proclamation of neutrality, although the 
Democratic-Republican party urges the admin- 
istration to support France for her assistance 
during the Revolution. To settle differences 
with England, Chief Justice Jay is sent to Lon- 
don and obtains a new treaty, whereby Eng- 
land withdraws from the posts held by her in 
our country. The Republican Party opposes 
this treaty as unfavorable to the United States. 

By a treaty with Spain the latter withdraws from 
the posts on our southern frontier and grants 
the right of deposit at New Orleans. 

During this period three new states enter the 
Union: Vermont, 1791, Kentucky, 1792, and 
Tennessee, 1796. 

Already before and during the Revolution, American 
pioneers from Virginia and North Carolina crossed 
the mountains and built settlements on the Kentucky 
and Tennessee Rivers. On the Kentucky the towns 
of Harrodsburg, Boonesborough, Lexington, and 
Louisville were settled; on the Tennessee, Green- 
ville. Within twenty years these commonwealths 
grew so populous that they desired to become sep- 
arate states. 

By the invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney 
(1793) the production of cotton becomes one of the 
leading industries of the country. But unfortunately 
a large class of people now becomes interested in 
maintaining slave labor. 

Washington refuses to serve a third term. 

John Adams, Federalist, President; Thomas Jef- 
ferson, Vice-President. 

France, enraged by our Jay Treaty and the elec- 
tion of Adams, makes insulting demands upon 

Thirty -one 



our commissioners sent to that country to set- 
tle some differences. The X. Y. Z. letters con- 
taining these demands arouse! the country. 
''Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute." 
Congress makes preparations for war, creates 
the Navy Department, and the first Secretary 
of Navy is appointed. Several French vessels 
are captured at the French West Indies. How- 
ever, when Napoleon comes into power in 
France, he concludes a new treaty with the 
United States and thus prevents war, 1800. 

At this time, 1798, Joseph Hopkinson, of Philadelphia, 
writes our national song Hail, Columbia! 

1798. Congress passes the Alien and Sedition 
Acts. 

The Alien Act gave the President the power to banish 
any foreigner from this country, whom he might regard 
as a dangerous person. The Sedition Act provided 
for punishment of persons who should print malicious 
writings against the administration. Both Acts were 
protested against in the Virginia and Kentucky Reso- 
lutions as being unconstitutional and an infringe- 
ment upon the liberty of speech and the liberty of 
the press. They never were strictly enforced. 

1799. George Washington dies at his home in 
Mount Vernon. 

The Alien and Sedition Acts bring about the defeat 
of the Federalists at the election of 1800. The 
Republicans, or Democrats, as they are now called, 
on account of their siding with France, elect Thomas 
Jefferson. 



1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, Presi- 
dent for two terms; Aaron Burr, Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Jefferson takes the oath of office in the new 
capital, at Washington, to which city the gov- 
ernment had been removed in 1800. 
1800. Spain, by a secret treaty, returns Louis- 
iana to France, which closes the harbor of 
New Orleans to United States shipping. 
1803 Louisiana Purchase. Thereupon Monroe is sent 
to France, where he purchases the whole of 
Louisiana for the price of $15,000,000. 

Thirty-two 



Louisiana is understood to extend westward to the Rio 
Grande and the Rocky Mountains, northward to the 
sources of the rivers that flow into the Mississippi. 
New Orleans and the region about it is called the 
New Territory of Orleans. The rest of the purchase 
formed the Territory of Louisiana. 

1802. The United States Military Academy at West- 
point is founded. 

1803. Ohio enters the Union as a new state. 
The defeat of the Indians in the Northwest Territory, 

and the sale of public land on credit, encourages a 
stream of immigrants into the West. Settlers from 
the northern states float down the Ohio River and 
plant the cities of Marietta, 1788, Cincinnati, 1790, 
Dayton, 1795, and Cleveland, 1796. In 1800 the North- 
west Territory is divided into the Territory of Ohio 
and the Territory of Indiana. In 1805 the Territory 
of Michigan is formed. 

1801-1805. War is carried on with the pirates 
of Tripoli and Algiers ; it ends in victory for 
our navy. 

1804- 1806. Lewis and Clark undertake an ex- 
pedition to the Pacific. They sail from St. 
Louis up the Missouri River, cross the Rocky 
Mountains, and descend the Columbia River 
to the Pacific. They return to St. Louis in 
1806. Five years later John Jacob Astor builds 
a fur trading station at the mouth of the Co- 
lumbia River. 

1805 Jefferson is re-elected President; George Clinton, 
Vice-President. 
Aaron Burr shoots Hamilton, his political oppon- 
ent, in a duel. 

1806. Burr plans an enterprise for conquering 
Texas, then a part of Mexico, hoping to draw 
some of the western states to join him and 
thus set up an independent nation with New 
Orleans for its capital. - On his way down the 
Mississippi he is arrested for treason, but is 
acquitted: Burr's Treason. 

Many reforms are made in the state and national gov- 
ernment tending to make them more democratic. 
Prosperity begins, banks are chartered by the states, 
roads and canals are constructed. New industries 

Thirty-three 



arc started and many labor-saving machines in- 
vented. 

1807. Robert Fulton builds the first practicable steam- 
boat, the "Clermont," and establishes steam naviga- 
tion on the Hudson. In 1830 there are more than 
200 steamboats on the Mississippi River. 

A national road is constructed between Cumberland, 
Md., and Wheeling, Va.; finished in 1818. 

1807. Great Britain, in her war with France, is 
stopping and searching our ships on the ocean 
for British sailors and impressing American 
sailors into her service. Congress, thereupon, 
passes an Embargo Act, which forbids the sail- 
ing of any American vessel from our ports. 
This Act creates great discontent. Congress 
repeals it in 1809 and passes the Non-Inter- 
course Act, forbidding the people to trade with 
Great Britain and France. 

1808, Congress puts a stop to the importation 
of slaves. 



1809-1817 James Madison, Democratic-Republican, Presi- 
dent for two terms. 

By the election of 1810 the control of public affairs 
passes from men of the Revolutionary period to a 
younger set with different views. Among them are 
two men who rise at once to leadership and remain 
so for nearly forty years to come. One is John C. 
Calhoun of South Carolina, the other Henry Clay 
of Kentucky, who is made speaker of the House of 
Representatives, and under his lead the Housq at 
once begins preparation for war with Great Britain. 

181 1. The Indian tribes of the West, urged by 
the British, unite under the famous chief 
Tecumseh to drive out the white settlers. 
They are defeated in the battle of Tippecanoe 
by General William H. Harrison, governor of 
Indiana Territory. 



Thirty-four 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 



1812-1815 1 812. As England refuses to stop taking our 
sailors from our ships and forcing them into 
her service, Congress declares war. 

The causes of the war stated by Madison in the 
proclamation are (1) impressing our sailors, 
(2) sending ships to cruise ofif our ports and 
search our vessels, (3) interfering with our 
trade by orders in council, and (4) urging the 
Indians to make war on our western settlers. 

General Hull marches from Detroit into Canada ; 
but he is driven back and surrenders to the 
British at Detroit; other attempts to invade 
Canada also fail. 

On the ocean many ship duels are fought, mostly 
successful for the Americans. The "Consti- 
tution," or "Old Ironsides," captures the Brit- 
ish frigate "Guerriere." 

1813 Commodore O. H. Perry wins a great naval vic- 
tory on Lake Erie. He then carries an Ameri- 
can army over to Canada, where it defeats the 
British on the Thames River. 

1814 General Andrew Jackson defeats the Creeks, a strong 
Indian tribe in the southwest territory, now Alabama 
and Mississippi. 

An American army, under General Winfield 
Scott, invades Canada and wins the battles of 
Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, but is later driven 
out of Canada. 

A British invasion into the State of New York 
meets disaster at Piattsburg Bay, Lake Cham- 
plain. 

Meanwhile the British blockade all our ports on 
the Atlantic coast and seize the eastern part 
of Maine. They take the city of Washington 

Thirty-five 



and burn the capitol and other public build- 
ings. Then they attack Baltimore, but are re- 
pulsed. 

Francis Scott Key, watching the attack on Baltimore, 
writes the Star-Spangled Banner. 

A British force attacks New Orleans ; Andrew 
Jackson successfully defends the city and 
drives the enemy out of Louisiana. 

The treaty of peace is signed at Ghent, Belgium, 
December 24, 1814, two weeks before the bat- 
tle of Orleans. The war results in strengthen- 
ing the Union and making it more respected. 

Hartford Convention. Before the treaty of 
peace reaches the United States, delegates of 
New England States meet at Hartford in 
secret session. The convention threatens to 
withdraw from the Union, unless peace is 
speedily made. As the leaders of the conven- 
tion are Federalists, it causes the Federalists 
to become very unpopular and did much to 
hasten the death of the already dying Federal- 
ist party. 

During this period the following states are ad- 
mitted into the union: Louisiana, 181 1; In- 
diana, 1816; Mississippi, 1817; Illinois, 1818, 
and Alabama, 1819. 

In 1804, the Indiana Territory had been divided into the 
Indiana and Illinois Territories. After the Indian 
and the slavery questions had been settled for this 
territory, the population increased rapidly. New 
roads, bridges, and ferries were built and steamboats 
were running on the rivers. Everything invited im- 
migration. Thus, Indiana and Illinois soon had the 
number of people required for statehood. 

Louisiana, after having been purchased from France, 
had been divided into the District of Louisiana and 
the Territory of New Orleans, The population of 
the latter grew very rapidly, as the Mississippi River 
was now open for all trade. It became the State of 
Louisiana in 181 1. 

The Mississippi Territory, organized in 1798, extended 
from the Mississippi to the Chattahoochee River. 
After the Indian tribe of the Creeks had been de- 



1819 



stroyed, the population increased rapidly. In 1816, 
it was divided into the Mississippi and Alabama 
Territories. 

1817-1825 James Monroe, Democratic-Republican, Presi- 
dent for two terms. The Era of Good Feel- 

1818. By treaty with Great Britain the 49th 
parallel is made our northern boundary from 
the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Moun- 
tains. The Oregon country is claimed by both, 
the United States and England. 

1819. By treaty with Spain the western 
boundary line of the Louisiana Purchase is 
fixed. 

The Seminole Indians and runaway neg-roes of 
Florida frequently attack the Geors^ia planters. 
General Andrew Jackson defeats them and 
conquers the country in three months. 

Thereupon Spain sells Florida to the United 
States for $5,000,000. 

1820. During Monroe's first term party feeling- 
sub Mes, and this was so noticeable that this 
term was called "the Era of Good Feeling-." 
The Federalist party dies out, and at the elec- 
tion in 1820 Monroe has no competitor. 

1820 Missouri Compromise. The slavery question 
becomes acute, as some states favor slavery 
while others want it abolished. By 1819 eleven 
of the states are slave states and eleven are free 
states. The dividing line between them is the 
southern boundary line of Pennsylvania. In 
1819 Missouri applies for admission into the 
Union. The southern states insist that Mis- 
souri should be a slave-holding state, while the 
North wants it to be a free state. After long 
debate it is agreed that Missouri should come 
in as slave state, but that Maine should come 
in as a free state at the same time; further, that 
slavery is to be forever prohibited in the re- 
mainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 
the parallel of latitude 36° 36'. 

Thirty-seven 



1820 Missouri and Maine enter the Union. 

1823 Monroe Doctrine: 

INIexico and several South American countries had 
declared themselves republics, independent of Spain, 
their mother country, 1821. Russia and other Euro- 
pean powers were endeavoring to force these new 
nations again under the yoke of Spain. Thereupon 

President Monroe sends a message to Congress 
denying the right of any European country to 
plant new colonies on the American continent 
or to meddle with the affairs of the New World. 
''America for Americans." 

The State of New York builds the Erie Canal from 
Albany to Buffalo. The National Road, which had 
been constructed between Cumberland and Wheel- 
ing, is extended westward through Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, almost to the Mississippi; thereby a large 
section of the West is opened to emigrants from the 
Atlantic coast. 

1824. A new tariff is enacted in spite of the 
opposition of the South, which had no man- 
ufactures and imported largely from Great 
Britain. 

The tariff question and the question of internal im- 
provements at national expense split the Republican 
party and lead to the nomination of four presidential 
candidates. The House of Representatives then 
elects John Quincy Adams. 

1825-1829 John Quincy Adams, National Republican, Presi- 
dent. 

1lie friends of Andrew Jackson, one of the de- 
feated presidential candidates, gather around 
him and form a new party ; Democratic-Repub- 
licans, or Democrats. They oppose protective 
tariff, internal improvements, and want "a man 
of the people" for President. The supporters 
of Adams, of the tariff" and internal improve- 
ments are called National Republicans. Thus 
the old Republican party is broken into two 
distinct new parties. 

1828. A new tariff is enacted, though the South 
opposes it even more strongly than the tariff 
in 1824; ''Tariff of Abomination." 



Thirty-eight 



1828 



1829-1837 



1831 



1832 



1828. Ground is broken for the first passenger rail- 
road in the United States, from Balitmore westward; 
Baltimore-Ohio Railroad. 

Andrew Jackson, the ''Hero of New Orleans," 
the ''Man of the People," is elected President. 
His election is hailed as another triumph of 
Democracy. 

Andrew Jackson, Democrat, President for two 
terms. 

With Andrew- Jackson begins the "Spoils Sys- 
tem," the system of removals from government 
offices for political reasons. Hundreds of gov- 
ernment officials are turned out and their 
offices given to active workers of Jackson. 

William Lloyd Garrison publishes the "Libera- 
tor," demanding the immediate and uncon- 
ditional emancipation of every slave in the 
United States. This marks the commence- 
ment of the anti-slavery movement in the 
United States. Societies for the abolition of 
slavery are formed in the North. Slavery be- 
comes a national issue. 

1830. South Carolina considers the Tarifif Act of 
1828 as unconstitutional and threatens to 
nullify it. Daniel Webster attacks this South 
Carolina Doctrine in Senate and argues the 
issue with Senator Hayne of South Carolina in 
a series of famous speaches. However, the 
friends of the tariff become alarmed, and in 
1832 Congress amends the act of 1828 and 
reduces the duties. 

South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, declares 
null and void the tariff laws of 1828 andi832; 
Ordinance of Nullification. In a long debate 
Daniel Webster opposes this action and de- 
clares nullification and secession are rebellion. 
The dispute is settled by the Compromise 
Tariff. 

National Conventions. The presidential election 
of 1832 is the first in which the candidates are 

Thiyty-mne 



1837-1841 



1837 



nominated at great national conventions, and 

in which the parties set forth their principals 

in platforms. 
1832. Andrew Jackson, still being the idol of the 

people, is re-elected by a greater majority than 

in 1828. 
1834. Jackson vigorously opposes the Bank of 

the United States and after his re-election he 

orders the removal of all government deposits. 

Thereupon the bank closes with the expiration 

of its charter in 1836. 

1836. Whigs. The National Republicans, in opposition 
to Jackson and the Democratic Party, call them- 
selves Whigs, and thenceforth for many years there 
was a national Whig party. 

1836. Arkansas is admitted into the Union. 
Arkansas had been organized as a territory in 1819. 
It received the overflow of population from Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, and grew rapidly. 

The time of Jackson's presidency is a time of rapid 
growth for the entire country. Steamboat lines are 
established, railroads and canals opened. Hard and 
soft coal come into use for manufacturing purposes. 
This great prosperity enables the government to 
pay the entire national debt and accumulate a great 
surplus, which is distributed among the states. 

The Indian Territory. A result of the filling up of the 
country was the crowding of the Indians from their 
land. As population moved westward so rapidly it 
seemed best to set apart a region beyond the Mis- 
sissippi and move all Indians there. Thus, in 1834 
the "Indian Territory" was created, and the work of 
removal began. In the South the Creeks and 
Cherokees refused for a while to go, and an attempt 
to move the Seminoles from Florida caused a war 
which lasted seven years. 

Martin Van Buren, Democrat, President. 

The years from 1834-1836 had been a period of wild 
speculation. Money had been plentiful and easy to 
borrow, and had been invested in all kinds of 
schemes. As a consequence 

A great financial panic sets in and ruins many 
business people. After a time confidence is 
restored, and a new period of prosperity begins. 

1837. Michigan enters the Union. 



Forty 



The •stablishment of steamboat traffic on the lakes, 
and the opening of the Erie Canal had been power- 
ful factors in the development of the Michigan Ter- 
ritory. 

The first express company between New York and 
Boston is established; Adams Express Company. 

1840. An independent treasury at Washington 
with branches in the chief cities is established. 

1840, The Whig party lays all blame for the 
financial panic of 1837 on the Democratic ad- 
ministration, and the "log cabin and hard cider" 
campaign that followed ends with the election 
of the Whig Harrison, the victor of Tippe- 
canoe ; "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." 

1841-1845 William Henry Harrison, Whig; John Tyler, 
Presidents. 

184T. Harrison, elected amid the wildest excite- 
ment, dies a month after his inauguration ; 
Vice-President Tyler takes his place. 

Congress proposes two bills for establishing a 
new national bank. Tyler vetoes both bills ; 
whereupon all his cabinet ofBcers, save Daniel 
Webster, Secretary of State, resign, and the 
Whig leaders read him out of the party. 

1842. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty with 
Great Britain fixes the northeastern boundary 
line between the United States and Canada 
from the St. Croix to the St. Lawrence River. 

1844. Samuel F. B. Morse establishes the first tele- 
graph line between Baltimore and Washington. 

1845. The Republic of Texas enters the Union. 
Texas had been settled by thousands of Americans 

after Mexico, to which it belonged, had secured her 
independence of Spain, 1821. In 1836 the Texans 
declared themselves independent from Mexico and 
formed the Republic of Texas. Soon after they 
applied for admission into the Union. 

1845-1849 James K. Polk, Democrat, President. 

1846. By treaty the United States and Great 
Britain divide the Oregon Country. The 
United States takes the part between the 

Forty-one 



boundary of upper Mexico (the 42nd parallel) 
and the 49th parallel including the Columbia 
River. It included what are now the states 
of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of 
Wyoming and Montana. 

1846-1848 MEXICAN WAR. 

A dispute over the Texas boundary causes the 
war with Mexico. 

The United States claim the Rio Grande, Mexico 
the Nueces River as boundary line, and the 
Mexicans attack American troops in the coun- 
try between these rivers. Thereupon President 
Polk declares that war exists by this act of 
Mexico, and Congress votes men and money 
for the war. 

1846. General Taylor marches with an army to the 
Rio Grande, and wins the victories at Palo Alto, 

- Monterey, and Buena Vista, 1847. 

General Winfield Scott lands at Vera Cruz and after 
its capture marches to the City of Mexico, which he 
conquers in 1847. 

General Kearney seizes Santa Fe and the territory now 
called New Mexico. 
1848 By the treaty of peace the United States obtain 
the territories of California and New Mexico, 
which now form the states of California, Utah, 
Ne-vada, New Mexico, and Arizona. For this 
great territory we pay Mexico $15,000,000. 

Two slave states, Florida and Texas (1845), and 
two free states, Iowa (1846) and Wisconsin 
(1848), are admitted into the Union. There 
are now fifteen free and fifteen slave states. 

1848. Gold is discovered in California and a wild 
rush for the "diggings" begins. 

The acquisition of Mexican territory brings up 
the question of the admission of slavery into 
that district, the same having been free under 
Mexican rule. The opponents of the extension 
of the slave area form the free-soil party, and 
draw ofif enough democratic votes so that the 
Whigs elect Taylor and Fillmore. 



Forty-two 



1849-1863 Zachary Taylor, Whig, and Millard Fillmore, 
Presidents. 

Taylor dies in 1850 and is succeeded by Fillmore. 
The Compromise of 1850. 

1850 When California applies for admission into the 
Union, a crises arises between the North and the 
South. The people of the North desire the admis- 
sion of California as a free state; they want no 
more slave states and that slavery and slave trade 
in the district of Columbia should be abolished. The 
South opposes these demands and complains of the 
difficulty of capturing slaves that escaped to the 
free states. Henry Clay, "the Peacemaker," proposes 
a compromise which is accepted; California is ad- 
mitted as a free state; New Mexico and Utah are 
organized as territories open to slavery; slave trade 
in the district of Columbia is prohibtied, and a new 
fugitive slave law is passed. The leaders in this 
great debate were Calhoun for the South, Clay and 
Webster for the North. 

1850. California enters the Union as a free state. 

1852. Mrs. Stowe publishes "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by 
which the feeling of opposition to slavery is intensi- 
fied throughout the North. 

1853-1857 Franklin Pierce, Democrat, President. 

1853. A period of great business prosperity be- 
gins ; the first American "World Fair*' is 
opened in New York City. 

Commodore O. H. Perry sails into a Japanese 
port and concludes a treaty with that country, 
opening it to the trade of the United States. 

In Congress the final struggle between the North 
and the South concerning the slavery question 
begins, Charles Sumner representing the North, 
Jefferson Davis the South. 

1854 The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, proposed by Stephen 
E. Douglas, is passed by the Congress. It 
creates two new territories, one to be called 
Kansas, the other Nebraska, and leaves it to 
the settlers of these two territories to decide 
whether they would have slavery or not: 
Popularity sovereignty. Thus the Missouri 

Forty-three 



Compromise, which forbids slavery in the 
country north of 36° 30', is repealed. 

The Free-soilers, led by Salmon P. Chase, William 
H. Seward, and Charles Sumner try hard to defeat 
the bill. A seven years' struggle between the Free- 
soilers and the pro-slavery men for the possession 
of Kansas begins. It is finally admitted into the 
Union as a free state, 1861. 

1856 The new Republican Party is founded. 

The slavery issues cause the breaking up of the 
old parties. The Compromise of 1850 and the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill drive thousands of Whigs from 
their party, especially after the deaths of Clay and 
Webster, in 1852, which had deprived this party of 
its leaders. The Democratic party also suffers. 
Thousands of its rank join the Free-soilers. Out of 
these elements the new national Republican Party 
is founded at a convention in Pittsburgh in 1856. 

In 1852 the Know-nothing party was founded, the out- 
come of a long-prevailing feeling against the election 
of foreign-born citizens to office. It was a secret, 
oath-bound organization; its membership grew 
rapidly and exercised great influence at the election 
in 1855. 



1857-1861 



James Buchanan, Democrat, President. 

1857. The Dred Scott Decision of the Supreme 
Court opens all territories to slavery and de- 
clares the Missouri Compromise as null and 
void. This decision creates great excitement 
in the North. 

1857. A great business panic sets in ; many 
banks fail. 

1858. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate. Stephen A. 
Douglas is a candidate for re-election to the Senate 
for Illinois; Abraham Lincoln is his opponent. In 
the campaign they speak in joint debate from 
the same platform. Lincoln takes the anti-slavery 
side, while Douglas defends his doctrine of popular 
sovereignty. Douglas wins the senatorship, but Lin- 
coln shows himself as a man of great power. 

In the North, the "Underground Railroad'^ is shown 
much sympathy. This is a network of routes along 
which slaves escaping to the free states were sent by 
night from one friendly house to another, till they 
reached a place of safety. 



F§rty-four 



1858. Minnesota is admitted into the Union. 

1859. John Brown makes a raid on Harpers 
Ferry, Va., to free the slaves there, but is 
captured, convicted of murder and treason and 
hanged. 

1859. Oregon enters the union as a free state. 

i860. At the election of i860 the Democrats are 
split into a southern and northern wing. 
Therefore Abraham Lincoln is elected by the 
Republican Party, which pledges itself to shut 
out slavery from the territories. Thus the 
Democratic Party went down in defeat after 
having governed for sixty years with the ex- 
ception of two periods. This fills the people of 
the South with alarm. They fear that the 
Republican Party had the entire abolition of 
slavery in their minds. Therefore, 

1860 South Carolina, at a convention in Charleston, 
votes for Secession from the United States 

1861 In February, 1861, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, 
Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, all slave states, 
also withdraw from the Union. These seven 
states frame a new government, take the name 
of the Confederate States of America, and make 
Montgomery, Alabama, their capital. Jeffer- 
son Davis, of Mississippi, is elected President. 

The seceded states seize the government forts 
and arsenals that were within their boundaries. 
Only Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, is 
held by Major Robert Anderson of the United 
States army. 

Rise of American literature: 

This period is also noteworthy for the rise of American 
literature and the appearance of cheap newspapers. 
Noted writers of the time from 1820-1860 are: 
Cooper, Bryant, Washington Irving, Whittier, Long- 
fellow, Holmes, Lowell, Poe, Emerson, Hawthorne, 
Audubon, Bankroft, Prescott, Motley. In 1828 Noah 
Webster publishes his famous Dictionary. In 1833 
the first one-cent paper, "The New York Sun," is 
published. 

Forty-five 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



1861-1865 
1861 



Abraham Lincoln, Republican, President. 

Lincoln attempts to send supplies to Fort Sum- 
ter; but the Confederate army, gathered at 
Charleston, bombards the fort and forces 
Major Anderson to surrender. April 14. 

With the fall of Fort Sumter the war begins. 

Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops. Thereupon 
Four more slave states withdraw from the 

Union : Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and 

North Carolina. 

The western part of Virginia votes against 
secession and becomes a separate state, West 
Virginia. 

The Confederate capital is removed from Mont- 
gomery to Richmond. 

The first call of troops is soon followed by a second. 
The responses to both are so prompt, that by July 
I, 1861, more than one hundred and eighty thousand 
Union soldiers are under arms. 

The Union armies are stationed at various points along 
a line that stretched from Norfolk, Va., up the 
Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River to Harpers 
Ferry, and thence across western Virginia, Kentucky 
and Missouri. 

The Union forces under McDowell attempt to drive 
back the Confederate line in Virginia under Beau- 
regard, but are defeated in the battle of Bull Run, 
near Manassas. 

This battle taught the North that the war would not 
end in three months; that an army of raw troops was 
no better than a mob; that discipline was as nec- 
essary as patriotism. Therefore, hereafter, men are 
enlisted for three years or for the length of the war. 

George B. McClellan is appointed chief commander in 
the East. He organizes the Army of the Potomac 
during the winter of 1861-1862. 



Forty-six 



1862 Events of the year 1862. 

(a) The War in the West. 

In January, 1862, General Thomas is sent against the 
Confederates' line that stretched across the southern 
part of Kentucky. He defeats the Confederates at 
Mill Springs. 

Commodore Foote takes Fort Henry, on the Tennessee. 
Ulysses S. Grant marches on Fort Donelson and forces 
it to surrender. 

In April, General Pope captures Island No. 10, in the 
Mississippi, and Grant beats the Confederates at 
Pittsburgh Landing, or Shiloh. Thereupon General 
Halleck forces Corinth and Memphis, on the Mis- 
sissippi, to surrender. 

Generals Grant and Sherman move now against Vicks- 
burg. 

The Confederate General Bragg rushes with an army 
through Tennessee and Kentucky towards Louis- 
ville; but after a hot fight with Buell at Perryville 
is forced to turn back. He goes into winter quarters 
at Murfreesboro. Here he is attacked by Rosecrans, 
defeated and forced to retreat southward. 

New Orleans is captured by a naval expedition under 
Commodore Farragut. 

(b) The War in the East. 

March 8. The Confederate boat Merrimac destroys the 
Union ships "Cumberland" and "Congress" in Hamp- 
ton Roads, but retires the next day after a fierce 
battle with the Monitor. 

Peninsular Campaign. In the spring, McClellan takes 
his army by water to Fort Monroe and marches on 
the peninsula against Richmond. He wins the bat- 
tle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, in which the Con- 
federate commander, Joseph E. Johnston, is wounded. 

Robert E. Lee takes command of the Confederate army 
and defeats McClellan in the Seven Days' Battles 
at Mechanicsville, near Richmond. It had been 
planned that McClellan should be assisted by the 
army of McDowell, but as "Stonewall" Jackson 
rushes down the Shenandoah and comes close to 
the city of Washington, Lincoln recalls McDowell 
to protect the capital. 

Lincoln places General Pope at the head of the Army 
of the Potomac. 

General Pope is attacked and defeated by Lee and 
"Stonewall" Jackson in the second battle of Bull 
Run. Thereupon McClellan is reinstated. 

Forty-seven 



1863 



Lee tries to invade Maryland and marches on Wash- 
ington, but his advance is checked by the battle at 
Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg). Lee recrosses the 
Potomac, but McClellan fails to pursue him. Mc- 
Clellan is again removed and General Burnside ap- 
pointed in his place. 

Burnside, on his march to Richmond, attacks Lee at 
Fredericksburg, but suffers decisive defeat; Decem- 
ber 13. 

The two armies go into winter quarters with the Rap- 
pahannock River between them. 

Emancipation Proclamation. President Lincoln 
issues a proclamation declaring* that, if the 
seceded States would not return into the LJnion 
before January i, 1863, all slaves within the 
Confederate lines should be free. 

Events of the year 1863. 

(a) The War in the East. 

On May 2, General Hooker, who had been appointed 
in Burnside's place, suffers defeat by Lee and Jack- 
son at Chancellorsville. "Stonev/all" Jackson falls in 
the battle. Thereupon General Meade takes com- 
mand of the Lfnion army. 

Lee again crosses the Potomac and invades Pennsyl- 
vania, but is defeated by Meade in the three days' 
battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. Lee retreats across 
the Potomac. 

(b) The War in the West. 

After a siege of six months Vicksburg surrenders to 
Grant, July 4. Port Hudson falls five days later. 
These victories open the Mississippi River from its 
source to the sea for the Union. 

General Morgan with a body of Confederate cavalry 
makes a raid through Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, 
and Ohio. 

September 19. Rosecrans attacks the Confederates at 
Chickamauga, but suffers defeat and withdraws to 
Chattanooga, where he is surrounded by Bragg's 
army. However, reinforcements under Grant, 
Hooker, and Sherman arrive and win the brilliant 
victories of Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge; November 24-25. After these victories the 
Union conquest of the Mississippi valley is com- 
plete. Bragg retreats to Dalton in northwestern 
Georgia, where the command of his army is given to 
General J. E. Johnston. 



Forty-Eight 



1864 Events of the year 1864. 

Grant is made general-iii-chief of the entire Union 
army. He takes command of the forces in the East 
and leaves Sherman in charge of the West. They 
begin their "hammering campaign." 

Grant moves his army into Virginia and after a series 
of battles in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania Court 
House, and at Cold Harbor, lays siege to Peters- 
burg, Va. 

Lee, seeking to divert Grant by an attack on Wash- 
ington, sends General Early down the Shenandoah 
Valley. Early makes a bold dash down the valley 
and comes within six miles of Washington. Grant 
sends General Sheridan to stop Early's attacks. 
Sheridan "goes in" and defeats Early at Winchester 
and at Cedar Creek and lays waste the whole valley. 
Then he returns to Petersburg to assist Grant. 

Sherman's March to the Sea. Sherman advances from 
Chattanooga to Atlanta, which he takes and burns; 
September 2. From here he marches to the sea, 
leaving a clean sweep sixty miles wide, destroying 
everything on his way, till he reaches Savannah. 
He captures Fort McAllister. 

Meanwhile General Thomas destroys a Confederate 
army under J. B. Hood at Nashville, Tenn. 

1865 Events of the year 1865. 

Sherman moves from Savannah to South Carolina, 
takes Columbia, marches through North Carolina 
and reaches Goldsboro. 

Grant captures Petersburg and Richmond after a long 
siege; April 2. Thereupon Lee retreats to Appomat- 
tox Court House, where he surrenders to the Union 
leader; April 9. 

Naval Warfare. In order to cut ofif the foreign trade 
of the Confederate States and to prevent their get- 
ting supplies Lincoln, in April, 1861, declares the 
coast blockaded from Virginia to Texas. The block- 
ade proves in the main a success. However, there 
was considerable blockade running. Goods are 
brought from Great Britain to Nassau in the 
Bahama Islands; here they are placed on board of 
blockade runners and started for Wilmington, N. C, 
or for Charleston. 

The Cruisers. The Confederate cruisers "Florida," 
"Alabama," "Georgia," and "Shenandoah," built or 
purchased in Great Britain, sink many of our mer- 
chant vessels. The "Alabama" sails the ocean un- 
harmed for two years and destroys over sixty mer- 
chantmen. In 1864 this cruiser is found and sunk 
at Cherbourg, France, by the United States cruiser 
"Kearsage." 



Fortv-nine 



PERIOD OF RECONSTRUCTION. 



1865-1869 



1865 



1866 



1867 



Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Presi- 
dents. 

April 14. Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes 
Booth, a partisan of the South. Vice-Presi- 
dent Andrew Johnson takes his place. 

Congress passes the thirteenth amendment abol- 
ishing slavery in the United States. 

The President issues a proclamation of pardon 
to the people of the seceded states on condition 
that they would swear to ''faithfully support, 
protect and defend the Constitution of the 
Union." 

Congress establishes the 
which was to look after 
former slaves. 

the fourteenth 



Freedmen's Bureau, 
the interests of the 



Congress 



passes 



amendment, 



declaring the negro a citizen with the same 
civil rights as are enjoyed by white citizens ; 
Civil Rights Bill. 

Congress passes over the President's veto a Re- 
construction Act, which provides that the 
seceded states should be ruled by military gov- 
ernors, appointed by the President, until they 
agree to the conditions laid down by Congress 
for their re-admission into the Union. 

A serious quarrel arises between the President 
and the Congress. The President is impeached 
for his refusal to obey the Tenure of Ofhce 
Act, which provides that the President should 
not remove certain officials without the con- 
sent of the Senate. But Johnson is acquitted. 

1866. Cyrus W. Field, of New York, lays the first 
Atlantic cable. 



Fifty 



1869-1877 



1867. The Purchase of Alaska. The United 
States bii}^ tlie territory of Alaska from Russia 
for the sum of $7,200,000. 

The French in Mexico. In 1861 France, England, and 
Spain send an armed force to Mexico to hold her 
sea ports until certain debts were paid. England 
and Spain soon withdraw, but the Emperor of France, 
Napoleon III, desiring to establish the French power 
in Mexico, overthrows the Mexican government and 
makes Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, the Emperor 
of Mexico contrary to the Monroe Doctrine. The 
United States protests. As soon as the Civil War 
is over, General Sheridan, with a large army, is 
sent to the Mexican frontier. The French troops 
are at once withdrawn. Maximilian falls into the 
hands of the Mexicans and is shot, 1867. 

Nebraska enters the Union. 

The government begins to pay the great Civil 
War debt, amounting to nearly $3,600,000,000. 

Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, President for two 
terms. 



The first railroad across the continent, 
the Union Pacific, to San Francisco, is put in 
operation. This railway opens the central 
West and the far West to an army of emi- 
grants. 

1870. The fifteenth amendment to the Consti- 
tution is enacted, giving the negroes the right 
to vote. 

The reconstruction of the South is completed by 
admitting to Congress the representatives of 
all the seceded states. By 1871 all the southern 
states, having agreed to the conditions laid 
down by the Congress, had been readmitted 
into the Union. 

The "Carpet-bag" governments of the South are the 
cause of much trouble and ill feeling. The southern 
people, already impoverished by the war, are still 
further burdened with taxes assessed by negroes and 
northern adventurers, who had gone south and had 
made themselves political leaders of the ignorant 
freed men. They are determined to stop the mis- 
government and band together in secret societies 
called by such names as Knights of the White 

Fifty-o}ie 



Camelia, and the Ku-Klux-KIan. They terrorize the 
negroes and keep them from voting. Congress there- 
fore enacts the Ku-Klux-Klan Act, prescribing pun- 
ishment for any one convicted of hindering a negro 
from voting. 

1871 By the Treaty of Washington, England pays the 
United States $15,500,000 for damage done by 
the ''Alabama" and other Confederate war 
vessels built in Great Britain during the Civil 
War. 

1871. A conflagration destroys Chicago with a prop- 
erty loss of nearly $200,000,000; in 1872. Boston is 
visited by a great fire. 

1872. New Parties. The failure of the two great parties 
to take up the grave industrial and financial questions 
causes the formation of many new parties, such as 
the National Labor, the Prohibition, the Liberal 
Republican, and the People's party. Some of their 
demands are enacted into laws, as the silver coinage 
act, the exclusion of the Chinese, the anti-contract 
labor and interstate commerce acts, the establish- 
ment of a national labor bureau, and the anti-trust 
act. 

1872. At the election contest between General 
Grant and the Liberal Republican nominee 
Greeley, Grant is re-elected by a large majority. 

1873. I^ consequence of wild speculations a 
great commercial crisis sets in with disastrous 
failures in business. 

1876. The Centennial Exposition in Fairmount Park, 
Philadelphia, celebrates the One Hundredth Year of 
Independence of the United States. The electric 
light, the first practical typewriter, and the telephone 
are shown as novelties. 

1876. General George Custer and his entire 
force are killed in the war with the Sioux 
Indians in southern Montana. 

Colorado enters the Union as the Centennial 
State. 



1877-1881 



Fifty -two 



Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, President. 

1877. The President withdraws the last of the 
troops of the regular army from the South. 
The carget-bag governments are now speedily 
overthrown and the negro ceases to govern. 



1878. The Congress passes the Bland-Allison 
Act, which provides for the coinage of silver 
dollars, which had been dropped from the list 
of coins in 1873. 

The year 1877 is one of great financial depression ; 
in 1878 more business men fail than in the 
panic of 1873. 

The first great labor strike breaks out. Serious riots 
occur at Pittsburg with the destruction of much 
property. More than 150,000 railroad men and coal 
miners stop work. 

The government redeems the ''greenbacks" 
which had dropped in value during the Civil 
War, and thereby strengthens its credit. 

1881-1885 James A. Garfield, Republican, President, Chester 
A. Arthur, Vice-President. 

1881. Four months after his inauguartion Gar- 
field is assassinated by a disappointed ofiice- 
seeker, named Guiteau. The Republican Vice- 
President Chester A. Arthur takes his place. 
1883 Congress passes the Civil Service Reform Act, 
which secures appointment to office on the 
ground of fitness and not of party service. 

1883. The East River Suspension Bridge (Brooklyn 
Bridge) is completed. 

An Act suspending the immigration of Chinese 
laborers for ten years is passed. Since then 
similar acts have been passed from time to 
time. 

The Edmunds Act for the suppression of polyg- 
amy in Utah is passed. 

1884. Congress establishes the National Labor 
Bureau. 

1885. Congress passes the Anti-Contract-Labor 
Act, which forbids aliens to be brought into 
the United States under contract to perform 
labor or service. 

This administration is marked by the immense 
growth and prosperity of the "New South." 
"Cotton is King-/' 



Fifty-three 



1885-1889 Grover Cleveland, Democrat, President. 

1886. The American Federation of Labor is organized. 
The President unveils the Statue of Liberty in the 
harbor of New York. 

1886. Congress passes the Presidential Succes- 
sion Act. 

This law provides that in the event of death or dis- 
ability of both president or vice-president the suc- 
cession to the presidency should devolve upon the 
members of the cabinet in the following order: Sec- 
retary of State, Secretary of Treasury, of War, 
Attorney-General, etc. 

1887. The ''Electoral Count Act," laying down 
certain rules for counting the electoral votes, 
is passed. 

The Interstate Commerce Act, regulates the 
charges made by all railways which pass from 
one state to another, and secures fair and uni- 
form rates both for passengers and freight. 

This administration is the period of the growth of 
great corporations, the "Trusts." The Standard Oil 
Company (1881), the Western Union Telegraph 
Company, the Bell Telephone Company are organ- 
ized. 



1889-1893 



Benjamin Harrison, Republican, President. 

1889. The United States purchase Oklahoma 
from the Indians and open it to settlers. 

Montana, Washington, North Dakota and South 
Dakota enter the Union. 

1890. Idaho and V/yoming are admitted into 
the Union. Wyoming is the first state in which 
women may vote and hold office. 

1889-1890. The Pan-American Congress assem- 
bles at Washington to consider the questions 
relating to the improvement of business re- 
lations between all American countries. 

1890. Congress passes four important laws : 
The New Pension Act, adding many names to 
the list of invalid soldiers or their widows, to 
whom the government pays a pension. 



Fifty-foi 



1893-1897 



The McKinley Protective Tariff Act, increas- 
ing the duties on some articles and reducing 
the duties on others. 

The Sherman Silver Purchase and Coinage 
Act, regulating the purchase and coinage of 
silver. 

The Anti-Trust Law, declaring combinations 
and conspiracies in restraint of trade unlawful 
and punishable. 

1891. The International Copyright Act is passed, 
giving to foreign authors the benefit of copy- 
right in the United States. 

1892. In the election campaign of this year 
many states introduce the Australian, or secret 
ballot. 

Grover Cleveland, Democrat, President. (Sec- 
ond Term.) 

1893. Cleveland opens the World's Columbian 
Exposition at Chicago, held to commemorate 
the four-hundredth anniversary of the discov- 
ery of America. 

1893. A disastrous commercial depression leads 
to the repeal of the Sherman Silver Act of 
1890, thereby stopping the compulsory pur- 
chase of silver by the government and check- 
ing the coining of silver dollars. 

1894. Congress passes tlie Wilson Tariff Act, 
reducing some of the tariff rates. 

1895. Cleveland sends a message to Congress 
warning Great Britain from encroaching upon 
the territory of Venezuela as contrary to the 
IMonroe Doctrine. 

1894. A great strike breaks out among the employes 
of the Pullman Car Company in Chicago. 

1896. Utah enters tiie Union as the forty-fifth 
state. 

The Free-Coinage Issue. The treasury having ceased 
to buy silver, the demand for the free coinage of 
silver is renewed. The Republicans in their national 
platform in 1896 declare against it, whereupon the 
delegates from the silver states leave the convention. 



Fifty-five 



1897-1901 



1898 



The Democratic party demands "the free and un- 
limited coinage of both silver and gold at the ratio of 
i6 to i", that is, that out of one pound of gold should 
be coined as many dollars as out of sixteen pounds 
of silver. But many Democrats form a new party 
on a gold standard platform, "gold Democrats." At 
the election of 1896 the Republicans nominate 
William McKinley, the Democrats name William J. 
Bryan, who is also endorsed by the National Silver 
party. After a most exciting campaign McKinley is 
elected. 

William McKinley, Republican, President. 

1S97. Cono^ress passes the Dingley High Pro- 
tective Tariff Bill, raising the duties even 
higher than they had been under the 1^/lcKinley 
Tariff of 1890. 

1898. The charter of "Greater New York" is issued, by 
which Brooklyn and a number of suburban towns 
become parts of the City of New York, making New- 
York the largest city in the world, except London. 

THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 

1895-1898. A revolution breaks out in Cuba 
which lasts three years. The United States 
protest against the cruel measures taken by 
Spain to quell the rebellion. The battleship 
Maine is sent to Cuban waters. 

1898. February 15, an explosion destroys the 
battleship Maine in the Harbor of Havana. 
Thereupon 

Congress adopts a resolution demanding that 
Spain should withdraw from Cuba and author- 
izing the President to compel her to leave if 
necessary. Spain at once severs diplomatic 
relations. (April 19.) 

Congress declares war, April 25. 

William T. Sampson sails with a fleet to blockade 
Havana and other ports of Cuba. Commodore W. S. 
Schley organizes a flying squadron. 

May I. Commodore Dewey destroys a Spanish fleet in 
the Harbor of Manila, Philippines, and blockades 
the harbor. An American army, under General 
Meritt is sent across the Pacific to take possession 
of the Philippines. 



Fifty-six 



1898-1901 



Schley discovers the Spanish fleet in the Harbor of 
Santiago and blockades the harbor. 

In order to make the blockade of the harbor more cer- 
tain, Lieutenant Hobson sinks the collier "Merrimac" 
in the harbor's channel. 

General Shafter lands a strong force near Santiago to 
co-operate with the fleet in the capture of the city 
and the Spanish fleet. 

July 1-2. The Regulars and Roosevelt's "Rough Rid- 
ers" storm the steep heights of El Caney and San 
Juan, overlooking the city of Santiago. 

July 3. Admiral Cervera attempts to break through 
the blockading fleet, but Schley attacks him and 
destroys all of his ships. Cervera is taken prisoner. 

July 17. General Toral surrenders Santiago and the 
eastern part of Cuba. 

While General Miles is occupying the Island of Porto 
Rico, hostilities come to an end. 

The treaty of peace is signed in Paris, December 
10 : thereby Spain withdraws from Cuba, and 
cedes to the United States the islands of Porto 
Rico and Guam and the entire group of the 
Philippines on payment of $20,000,000. 

1898. Congress passes a resolution annexing the 
islands of Hawaii, which is organized as a 
territory in 1900. 

War in the Philippines. An insurrection against 
the authority of the United States breaks out 
in the Philippines and continues for three 
years. Finally Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader, 
is captured and order is restored. 

1898. The Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, 
Neb., exhibits the wonderful agricultural growth of 
the country west of the Mississippi. 

Action is taken by the Congress toward the 

preservation of forests and the irrigation of 

desert regions. 
1900. The Census of 1900 shows a population of 

over 76,000,000. 
Congress passes an Act making the gold dollar 

the standard measure of value. 
The United States obtain the open door privilege 

in China. 



Fifty-seven 



1901-1905 



1905-1909 



William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, 
Republicans, Presidents. 

1901. AIcKinley, holding a public reception at 
the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, is 
assassinated. Vice-President Roosevelt takes 
his place. 

1902. More than 140,000 hard coal miners of 
Pennsylvania go out on strike. The Coal 
Strike Commission, appointed by Roosevelt, 
brings about a settlement of the strike. 

The United States withdraws from Cuba, which 
becomes an independent republic. 

1902. The Panama Canal. Congress authorizes 
the President to buy the rights and property 
of the French Panama Company and to finish 
the Canal. In 1904 the new Republic of 
Panama grants by treaty the control of the 
necessary strip of land and the construction 
of the waterway is begun. 

1904. The one-hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana 
Purchase is celebrated by an exposition held at St. 
Louis. 

Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, President. 

1906. The San Francisco earthquake destroys 
many lives and property valued at more than 
$400,000,000. 

1907. A great financial panic sets in and ruins 
many business people. 

1907. Congress admits the State of Oklahoma, 
which was formed out of the Indian Territory. 

Congress passes : 

The Railroad Rate Bill, which gives the Inter- 
state Commerce Commission the power to 
regulate the charges of the railroads; 

The Pure Food and Drug Bill, which prevents 
the manufacture of adulterated foods, drugs, 
medicines and liquors; 



Fifty-eight 



The Meat Inspection Bill providing- all meat 
and food products to be examined by officials 
of the Department of Agriculture. 

1909-1913 William H. Taft, Republican, President. 

1909. Robert T. Peary discovers the North Pole. 

1909. Congress passes the Payne Tariff Law, 

reducing some of the rates of the Dingley Law. 

1910. The National Census shows a population 
of 92,000,000. 

1912. New Mexico and Arizona, the last two 
territories, are admitted into the Union. 

1913-1917 Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, President; Thomas 
B. Marshall, Vice-President. 

1913. An extra session of Congress is called by 
the President to revise the tariff on Democratic 
lines ; the General Tariff Act. 

California passes a law to prevent purchase of 
land by the Japanese, which creates excitement 
and threats of war in Japan. 

Congress passes a law for the improvement of 
the monetary system of the country: the Fed- 
eral Reserve Act. It provides for a system of 
twelve reserve banks to serve as a center for 
the national banks, and for the issue of 
$500,000,000 in treasury notes to be used in 
case of financial troubles. 



Fifty-nine 



TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



1. George Washington, Federalist, two terms, 1789-1797. 

2. John Adams, Federalist, one term, 1797-1801. 

3. Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, two terms. 

1801-1809. 

4. James Madison, Democratic-Republican, two terms, 

1809-1817. 

5. James Monroe, Democratic-Republican, two terms, 

1817-1825. 

6. John Quincy Adams, National Republican, one term, 

1825-1829. 

7. Andrew Jackson, Democrat, two terms, 1829-1837. 

8. Martin Van Buren, Democrat, one term, 1837-1841. 

9. William H. Harrison, Whig, one month, 1841. 

10. John Tyler, Whig, 3 years and 11 months, 1841-1845. 

11. James K. Polk, Democrat, one term, 1845-1849. 

12. Zachary Taylor, Whig, 1 year and 4 months, 1849-1850. 

13. Millard Fillmore, Whig, 2 years and 8 months, 1850- 

1853. 

14. Franklin Pierce, Democrat, one term, 1853-1857. 

15. James Buchanan, Democrat, one term, 1857-1861. 

16. Abraham Lincoln, Republican, one term and 1 month, 

1861-1865. 

17. Andrew Johnson, Republican, 3 years and 11 months, 

1865-1869. 

18. Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, two terms, 1869-1877. 

19. Rutherford B. Hayes, Repubhcan, one term, 1877-1881. 

20. James A. Garfield, Republican, six and a half months, 

1881. 

21. Chester A. Arthur, Republican, 3 years and 5^ 

months, 1881-1885. 

22. Grover Cleveland, Democrat, one term, 1885-1889. 

23. Benjamin Harrison, Republican, one term, 1889-1893. 

24. Grover Cleveland, Democrat, one term, 1893-1897. 

25. William McKinley, Republican, one term and six 

months, 1897-1901. 

26. Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, two terms, 1901-1909. 

27. William H. Taft, Republican, one term, 1909-1913. 

28. Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, 1913. 



3i^Py 



TABLE OF STATES, 
Date of Admission Into the Union. 



1. 


Delaware, 1787 


17. 


Ohio, 1803 


oZ. 


■) 


Pennsylvania, 1787 


18. 


Louisiana, 1812 


34. 


3.' 


New Jersey, 1787 


19. 


Indiana, 1816 


35. 


4. 


Georgia, 1788 


20. 


Mississippi, 1817 


36. 


5. 


Connecticut, 1788 


21. 


IlHnois, 1818 


?^1. 


6. 


Massachusetts, 1788 


22. 


Alabama, 1819 


38. 


7. 


Maryland, 1788 


23. 


Maine, 1820 


39. 


8. 


So. Carolina, 1788 


24. 


Missouri, 1821 


40. 


9. 


New Hamps're, 1788 


25. 


Arkansas, 1836 


41. 


10. 


Virginia, 1788 


26. 


Michigan, 1837 


42. 


11. 


New York, 1788 


21. 


Florida, 1845 


43. 


12. 


No. Carolina, 1789 


28. 


Texas, 1845 


44. 


13. 


Rhode Island, 1790 


29. 


Iowa, 1846 


45. 


14. 


Vermont, 1791 


30. 


Wisconsin, 1848 


46. 


15. 


Kentucky, 1792 


31. 


California, 1850 


47. 


16. 


Tennessee, 1796 


32. 


Minnesota, 1858 


48. 



Oregon, 1859 
Kansas, 1861 
W. Virginia, 1863 
Nevada, 1864 
Nebraska, 1867 
Colorado, 1876 
No. Dakota, 1889 
So. Dakota, 1889 
Montana, 1889 
Washington, 1889 
Idaho, 1890 
Wyoming, 1890 
Utah, 1896 
Oklahoma, 1907 
New Mexico, 1912 
Arizona, 1912 



TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 

To the thirteen original states were added, in the course 
of time, the following territories: 

1. The country between the Apalachian Mountains 
and the Mississippi, which was conquered in the 
Revolutionary War, or obtained by treaty. 

2. Louisiana, purchased from France in 1803 for 
$15,000,000, extending from the Mississippi to the 
Rocky Mountains. 

3. Florida, purchased from Spain in 1819 for $5,000,000. 

4. Texas annexed in 1845, formerly a part of Mexico. 

5. The Oregon country, annexed in 1846 by a treaty 
with Great Britain. 

6. The territories of New Mexico and California, an- 
nexed' in 1848, by a treaty with Mexico, for the pay- 
ment of $15,000,000. 

7. The southern part of Arizona and New Mexico 
purchased from Mexico for $10,000,000. (Gadsden 
Purchase, 1853.) 

8. Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867 for 
$7,200,000. 

9. The Hawaiian Islands, annexed in 1898. 

10. The Philippine Islands and Porto Rico, annexed 
after the Spanish War, 1898, for payment of 
$20,000,000. 



Sixty-one 



INDEX 



Acadia, IS 

Acadians. removal of, 21 

Adams, John. President. 
30, 31 

Adams, John Qiiincy, Pres- 
ident, 38 

Alabama, 36 

Alabama, cruiser. 49 

Alaska, 51 

Albany, 8, 9 

Albermarle, 16 

Algiers, 33 

Alien and Sedition Acts, 32 

Amendments to the Con- 
stitution. 31 

Anderson. Robert. 45 

Annapolis, N. S.. 20 

Anti-Contract Labor Law, 
53 

Antietam, Battle. 48 

Anti-Slavery Movement, 39 

Anti-Trust Act, 55 

Appomatox Court House, 
49 

Arizona, 42. 59 

Arkansas. 40 

Arnold, Benedict. 25. 27 

Arthur, Chester A., Presi- 
dent, 53 

Articles of Confederation, 
29 

Australian Ballot, 55 

Bacon, Nathaniel, S 
Baltimore, Lord, 14, 15 
Baltimore. City. 15, 37 
Bank of the United States, 

30. 39 
Barry, Capt. John. 27 
Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., 

46 
Berkeley, proprietor of N. 

J., 10 
Bill of Rights. 30 
Bonhomme Richard, 27 
Boston, 11, 12, 24 
Braddock. Gen. E., 21 
Brandywine, Battle. 26 
Brooklyn Heights. 25 
Brown. John. 45 
Bryan, William J.. 56 
Buchanan. James. Presi- 
dent. 44 
Bull Run. Battles. 46, 47 
Bunker Hill. Battle, 25 
Burgoyne, Gen John, 26 
Burnside, Gen. A. E., 48 
Burr, Aaron. 32 

Cabot, John and Sebas- 
tian, 3 
Calhoun, John C. 34, 39, 43 
California, 42. 43 
Cambridge, 11 
Camden, Battle. 27, 28 
Canada, 18 
Cape Cod. 6. 10 

Sixty-tzvo 



Carolina, 16 

Carpetbag Government. 51 
Cedar Creek. Battle. 49 
Cervera, Admiral. 57 
Champlain. Samuel de, 18 
Chancellorsville, Battle, 48 
Charleston. S. C, 16. 25, 27 
Charlestown, 11 
Charter Oak, 14 
Chattanooga, Battle, 48 
Cherry Valley Massacre, 27 
Chickamauga, Battle, 48 
China, trade with. 57 
Chinese Immigration. 53 
Chippewa. Battle, 35 
Cincinnati, 33 
Civil Service Reform. 53 
Civil War. 46 
Clark, George Rogers, 27 
Clark, William. Explorer, 

33 
Clay, Henry. 34. 43. 44 
Cleveland, 33 
Cleveland, Grover, 54. 55 
Clinton. Gen. Henry. 27 
Cold Harbor, Battle. 49 
Colonial Wars, 20 
Colorado. 52 
Columbia River. 33. 41 
Columbus. Christopher. 3 
Concord. Battle. 24 
Confederate States. 45 
Congress, Warship, 47 
Connecticut. 14 
Constitution. Frigate, 35 
Constitution of U. S., 29 
Continental Army. 24 
Cornwallis. Gen., 26 
Cortes. Hernando. 4 
Cotton-gin. 32 
Cowpens. Battle. 28 
Creek Indians. 35 
Crown Point. 21, 22. 25 
Cuba. 4, 56. 58 
Custer. Col. George A.. 52 

Dale, Gov. Sir Thomas, 7 
Davis. Jefferson, 43, 45 
Declaration of Independ- 
ence, 25 
Deerfield, attack on, 20 
DeKalb, Baron. 26 
Delaware, 15. 16. 17 
Delaware. Lord, 7 
Democratic Party, 30, 32. 

38. 45 
Detroit, Fort. 22, 35 
Dewey, Com. George. 56 
Dingley Tariff, 56 
Dinwiddle. Gov Robert, 21 
District of Columbia, 30. 43 
Donelson. Fort. 47 
Dorchester Heights. 25 
Douglas, Sen. Stephen. 43 

44 
Drake, Francis, 5 
Dred-Scott Decision, 44 



Duquesne. Fort, 21. 22 
Dutch in America, 8 

Edmunds Act, 53 
El Caney, Battle. 57 
Emancipation Proclama- 
tion, 48 
Embargo Act, 36 
Era of Good Feeling, 37 
Ericsson, Leif. 3 
Erie Cana. 38 
Express, 41 

Fair Oaks. Battle. 47 
Farragut, Admiral D. G.. 

47 
Federalists, 30, 36, 37 
Federal Reserve Act, 59 
Fillmore, Millard, 43 
Florida, 4. 22, 37. 42 
France. Explorations of, 18 
Franklin, Benjamin, 25, 26 
Fredericksburg, Battle, 48 
Free Coinage. 55 
Freedmen's Bureau, 50 
Free-soil Party. 42 
French and Indian War, 21 
Frobisher, 5 

Fugitive Slave Law, 43 
Fulton, Robert, 34 

Gage, General, 24, 25 
Garfield, James A., Presi- 
dent, 53 
Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, 39 
Gates, Gen. Horatio, 27 
General Court, 11 
Georgia, 17 

Germantown, Battle of, 26 
Gettysburg, Battle, 48 
Ghent, Treaty of, 36 
Grant, Ulysses, President, 

47, 48, 49, 51 
Greely, Horace. 52 
Greene, Gen. Nathanael. 27 
Green Mountain Boys, 24 
Greenville. Treaty of, 31 
Guilford Court House, 28 

Hail, Columbia, written, 32 

Half-Moon, 8 

Halleck, Gen. H. W., 47 

Hamilton, Alexander, 30 

Hampton Roads. Battle. 47 

Harpers Ferry, 44 

Harrison, Benj., President. 
54 

Harrison. Wm. H.. Presi- 
dent, 34, 41 

Hartford, 13 

Hartford Convention. 36 

Havard College, 11 

Havana, 56 

Hawaiian Islands, 57 

Hayes, Rutherford, 52 

Hayne, Sen. Robert Y.. 39 

Hennepin. Father, 19 



Henry, Fort, 47 
Hessians, 25 
Hobson, Lieut. R. P., 57 
Hooker, Gen. J.. 48 
Howe, Gen. AVilliam, 25 
Hudson, Henry, 8 
Huguenots. 5, 16 
Hull, Gen. William. 85 
Huron Indians, 18 
Hutchison, Anne, 11. 13 

Idaho, 42, 54 
Illinois, 36 
Indiana, 33, 36 
Indian Territory, 40 
Indiana Territory, 37 
Interstate Commerce Act. 

54 
Intolerable Acts, 24 
Iowa, 42 

Iroquois Indians. 18 
Island No. 10, Battle, 47 

Jackson, Andrew, 35, 36, 
37. 38. 39. 40 

Jackson, Gen. T. J. 
(Stonewall J.), 47 

Jamestown. 7, 8 

James River. 7 

Japan. Treaty with. 43 

Jay's Treaty. 31 

Jefferson, Thomas, 25, 30, 
32 

Johnson, Andrew, Presi- 
dent, 50 

Johnston, Gen. J. E.. 47, 48 

Jones, John Paul. 27 

Kansas, 43 

Kansas-Nebraskan Act, 43 
Kearney, Gen. Stephen W., 

42 
Kentucky, 31 
King George's War, 21 
King Philip's War, 12 
Kings Mountain, Battle, 27 
King William's War. 20 
Know-nothing Party, 44 

Labor Bureau, 53 
Lafayette, Marquis de, 26 
Lake George. Battle, 21 
La Salle, Robert de, 18 
Lee, Fort, 25 
Lee, Gen. Robert E., 47 
Leisler, Jacob, Rebellion, 

9 
Lexington, Ky., 31 
Lexington, Mass.. Battle 

of, 24 
Lincoln, Abraham, 44, 46, 

50 
Log-Cabin Campaign. 41 
Long Island, Battle. 25 
Lookout Mountain, Battle. 

48 
Louisburg, 21, 22 
Louisiana, 19. 22, 32, 36 
Louisiana Purchase, 32 
Lundys Lane, 35 

McClellan, Gen. Geo., 46 
McDowell, Gen. Irvin, 46 



McKinley, Wm. President, 
56. 58 

McKinley Tariff, 54 

Madison, James. Presi- 
dent, 36 

Magellan. 3 

Maine, 12, 37, 38 

Maine, Battleship, 56 

Manassas, Battle, 46. 47 

Manhattan Island, 9 

Manila, Battle. 56 

Marietta. 33 

Marquette, Father, 18 

Maryland, 14 

Mason and Dixon Line, 
15, 17 

Massachusetts, 10 

Mayflower, 10 

Meade, Gen. Geo. G., 48 

Mechanicsville, Battle, 47 

Memphis, 47 

Merrimac. 47 

Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 56 

Mexico. 4, 38, 42. 51 

Mexican War, 42 

Michigan. 18, 33, 40 

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 57 

Mill Springs. Battle, 47 

Minnesota. 45 

ilinuit. Peter, 9 

Missionary Ridge, 48 

Mississippi, 36 

Mississippi River. 18 

Missouri, 37, 38 

Missouri Compromise. 37, 
43 

Monitor, 47 

Monmouth, 27 

Monroe, James. President, 
37 

Monroe Doctrine. 38 

Montana, 42, 54 

Montreal, 4. 18. 20. 22 

Morgan. Gen. Daniel, 48 

Morris. Robert. 26 

Morristown, Battle of. 26 

Morse. Samuel F. B., 41 

a\[urfreesboro, 47 

Nassau, Fort, 8 

National Convention, 40 

National Republicans, 38 

National Road. 34, 38 

Navigation Acts. 8. 23 

Navy Department. 32 

Nebraska, 43, 51 

Nevada. 42 

New Amsterdam, 9 

Newfoundland, 5 

New France. 18 

New Hampshire, 12 

New Haven, 14 

New Jersey, 9 

New Mexico. 42. 59 

New Netherlands. 8 

New Orleans, 19. 22, 31, 

36, 47 
Newport, 13 
New Sweden, 15 
New York, 8, 9 
Niagara. Fort, 22 



Non -intercourse Act, 35 
North Carolina. 16 
North Dakota, 54 
Northwest Territory, 29 
Nova Scotia. 18. 20 
Nullification, 39 

Oglethrope, Gen. Jas., 17 
Ohio. 33 

Oklahoma. 54, 58 
Orange, Port, 8 
Oregon, 41, 45 

Pacific Ocean, 4 

Panama Canal, 58 

Pan-American Exposition. 
58 

Panics, 40, 44, 52, 53, 58 

Paris, Treaty of, 57 

Parties. 52 

Patroons, 9 

Peninsular; Campaign. 47 

Penn, William. 10, 15, 16 

Pennsylvania. 16 

Pensions. 54 

Pepperell, William. 21 

Perry. Com. M. C, 35 

Perryville, Battle, 47 

Petersburg. Battle, 49 

Philadelphia, 16, 30 

Philip. Indian Chief, 12 

Philippines, 56. 57 

Pierce. Franklin. Presi- 
dent, 43 

Pilgrims. 10 

Pitt. William. 22 

Pittsburg, 22 

Pittsburg Landing, Bat- 
tle. 47 

Plattsburg, Battle, 35 

Plymouth Colony, 10 

Polk. James, President, 41 

Pontiac's War, 22 

Pope, Gen. John, 47 

Porto Rico. 57 

Port Royal. Nova Scotia, 
18, 20 

Potato. 6 

Prescott, William H., 25 

Presidential Succession 
Law. 54 

Princeton. Battle. 26 

Providence, 11, 12 

Pure Food Act, 58 

Puritans, 11, 14 

Quakers. 12, 16 
Quebec, 18, 20. 22 
Queen Anne's War. 20 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 5 

Reconstruction. 50 

Republican Party, 30. 38, 
44 

Revolution, American, 23 

Rhode Island, 13 

Richmond, 40 

Roosevelt, Theodore, Pres- 
ident, 58 

Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., 47 

Sixty-three 



St. Augustine, 5 

St. Lawrence River, 4. 18 

St. Marys, 14 

Salem, Mass., 11 

Sampson, Rear Admiral, 56 

San Francisco, 58 

San Juan, 57 

Santa Fe, 42 

Santiago, Battle near. 57 

Saratoga, battle, 26 

Savannah. 17, 27, 49 

Schenectady, Attack on. 20 

Schley, Com. Winfield S., 

56 
Scott, Gen. Winfleld, .35,42 
Secession, 45 
Seminoles. 37 
Seward. Willia'- H.. 44 
Shatter, Gen. Wm. R.. 57 
Sharpsburg, Battle, 48 
Shenandoah Valley, 49 
Sheridan, Gen., Philip H., 

49 
Sherman, Gen. William T.. 

48, 49 
Sherman Act, 55 
Shiloh. Battle, 47 
Slaver V. 8. 37, 43 
Slave Trade, 8, 34 
Smith, John, 7 
South Carolina. 16 
South Dakota. 54 
Spain, Treatv with. 31, 37 
Spoils System, 39 
Spottsylvania Court 

House, Battle, 49 



Stamp Act, 23 
Star-Spangled Banner, 37 
Steuben, Baron, 26 
Stowe. Mrs. H. B., 43 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 9, 15 
Sumner, Charles, 43, 44 
Sumter. Fort, 45, 46 
Swedes in America, 15 

Taft, William H., 59 
Tariff, 38, 39 
Taylor, Zachary, 43 
Tecumseh, 34 
Telegraph, 41 
Tennessee, 31 
Territories of Pennsyl- 
vania. 15, 17 
Texas, 33, 41, 42 
Thomas, Gen. Geo. H., 47 
Ticonderoga, 21, 22, 25 
Tippecanoe, 35 
Tobacco, 6 
Tories. 25 

Townshend Acts. 23 
Trenton. Battle, 26 
Tripoli. War with, 33 
Tyler, .John, President, 41 

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 43 
Utah, 42, 55 

Valley Forge, Army at, 26 
Van Buren, President, 40 
Venango. Fort, 21 
Venezuela, 55 



Vermont, 31 
Vicksburg, 47. 48 
Virginia. 5, 7 

War of 1812. 35 
Washington, George. 21. 

22, 24 
Washington, Fort. 25 
Washington, Capital, 30, 35 
Washington. State. 42. 54 
Wayne. Anthony, 31 
Webster, Daniel. 39. 41, 

43, 44 
W e b s t e r - A s h b u r ton 

Treaty. 41 
West Point. 27. 3:1 
West Virginia, 46 
Whigs. 25 
Whig Party, 40 
White Plains, Battle. 26 
Wilderness. Battle. 49 
Williams, Rogers. 11, 12 
Wilmington. N. C. 28 
Wilson Tarife Act, 55 
Wisconsin, IS, 42 
Wolfe, Gen. James. 22 
Wyoming, 42, 54 
Wyoming Valley. Massa- 
cre at, 27 

X. Y. Z. Affair, 32 

York, Duke of 9. 10. 15 
Yorktown, 28 



P D G 5. 




Sixty-four 



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